Python GUI开发：Tkinter 8.5 官方参考手册

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"Tkinter 8.5 参考手册提供了Python开发者构建图形用户界面（GUI）所需的详细信息，包括ttk主题控件的介绍。该手册适合进行客户端/服务器架构开发的人员作为参考资料。" 在Python编程环境中，Tkinter是一个非常重要的库，它允许开发者创建跨平台的GUI应用。Tkinter8.5参考手册详细介绍了这个库中的控件集合，为Python程序员提供了构建GUI界面的基础。 1. **跨平台GUI界面构建器**：Tkinter是Python的默认GUI库，支持多种操作系统，如Windows、Linux和Mac OS。这意味着开发者可以编写一次代码，无需更改即可在不同平台上运行。 2. **最小化应用程序示例**：手册从一个简单的应用开始，演示如何启动Tkinter窗口并添加基本组件，帮助初学者快速入门。 3. **定义**：手册中对各种术语进行了清晰的定义，确保开发者理解GUI设计的基本概念。 4. **布局管理**：Tkinter使用两种主要的布局管理方法，即网格（grid）和pack。手册详细讲解了如何使用`grid()`方法来组织和定位控件，并涵盖了其他相关的管理方法，如配置列和行的大小，以及使根窗口可调整大小。 5. **标准属性**：控件有许多可配置的属性，如尺寸、坐标系统、颜色、字体类型、锚点、边框样式、位图、光标、图像、几何字符串、窗口名称、帽形和连接风格、虚线样式以及匹配的斑点模式。这些属性让开发者能够自定义GUI的外观和行为。 6. **异常处理**：手册也涉及到了错误处理部分，这对于编写健壮的应用程序至关重要，因为GUI应用可能会遇到用户交互引发的各种异常。 7. **Button widget**：按钮是GUI中常见的元素，手册提供了创建和配置按钮的方法，包括响应点击事件的回调函数设置。 8. **Canvas widget**：画布控件允许开发者绘制自定义图形，如线条、矩形、文本等。手册详细讲解了画布坐标系统、显示列表以及如何在画布上操作图形对象。 9. **更多控件和功能**：除了Button和Canvas，Tkinter还包括诸如Label、Entry、Text、Checkbutton、Radiobutton等许多其他控件，它们都有各自的属性和方法，开发者可以根据需求选择合适的控件构建复杂界面。通过Tkinter 8.5参考手册，Python开发者可以学习到构建GUI所需的所有基础知识，从而创建出功能丰富的交互式应用程序。无论你是新手还是经验丰富的开发者，这个手册都是一个不可或缺的资源。

For example, a window created with geometry='120x50-0+20' would be 120 pixels wide by 50

pixels high, and its top right corner will be along the right edge of the desktop and 20 pixels below the

top edge.

5.11. Window names

The term window describes a rectangular area on the desktop.

•

A top-level or root window is a window that has an independent existence under the window manager.

It is decorated with the window manager's decorations, and can be moved and resized independently.

Your application can use any number of top-level windows.

• The term “window” also applies to any widget that is part of a top-level window.

Tkinter names all these windows using a hierarchical window path name.

•

The root window's name is '.'.

•

Child windows have names of the form '.n', where n is some integer in string form. For example,

a window named '.135932060' is a child of the root window ('.').

•

Child windows within child windows have names of the form 'p.n' where p is the name of the

parent window and n is some integer. For example, a window named '.135932060.137304468'

has parent window '.135932060', so it is a grandchild of the root window.

•

The relative name of a window is the part past the last '.' in the path name. To continue the previous

example, the grandchild window has a relative name '137304468'.

To get the path name for a widget w, use str(w).

See also Section 26, “Universal widget methods” (p. 97) for methods you can use to operate on window

names, especially the .winfo_name, .winfo_parent, and .winfo_pathname methods.

5.12. Cap and join styles

For pleasant and eective rendering of diagrams, sometimes it is a good idea to pay attention to cap

and join styles.

•

The cap style of a line is the shape of the end of the line. Styles are:

•

tk.BUTT: The end of the line is cut o square at a line that passes through the endpoint.

•

tk.PROJECTING: The end of the line is cut o square, but the cut line projects past the endpoint

a distance equal to half the line's width.

•

tk.ROUND: The end describes a semicircle centered on the endpoint.

•

The join style describes the shape where two line segments meet at an angle.

•

tk.ROUND: The join is a circle centered on the point where the adjacent line segments meet.

•

tk.BEVEL: A at facet is drawn at an angle intermediate between the angles of the adjacent lines.

•

tk.MITER: The edges of the adjacent line segments are continued to meet at a sharp point.

This illustration shows how Tkinter's cap and join options work with a line made of two connected line

segments. Small red circles show the location of the points that dene this line.

New Mexico Tech Computer CenterTkinter 8.5 reference16

Here is an example. The left-hand screen shot shows two adjacent 100×100 squares stippled with the

“gray12” pattern, but the right-hand square is oset vertically by one pixel. The short black line in the

center of the gure is drawn along the boundary of the two gures.

The second screen shot is the same, except that the two 100×100 squares have their stipple patterns lined

up.

In practice, this arises in two situations. The alignment of large stippled areas is controlled by an option

named offset. For gures with stippled outlines, the outlineoffset option controls their alignment.

Both options have values of one of these forms:

•

'x,y': Oset the stipple patterns by this x and y value relative to the top-level window or to the

canvas's origin.

•

'#x,y': For objects on a canvas, use oset x and y relative to the top-level window.

•

tk.NE, tk.SE, tk.SW, tk.NW: Align a corner of the stipple pattern with the corresponding corner

of the containing object. For example, tk.NE means that the top left corner of the stipple pattern co-

incides with the top left corner of the area to be stippled.

•

tk.N, tk.E, tk.S, tk.W: Align the stipple pattern with the center of one side of the containing object.

For example, tk.E means the center of the stipple pattern will coincide with the center of the right

side of the area to be stippled.

•

tk.CENTER: Align the center of the stipple pattern with the center of the containing object.

6. Exception handling

The exception raised by most programming errors is tk.TclError.

7. The Button widget

To create a pushbutton in a top-level window or frame named parent:

w = tk.Button(parent, option=value, ...)

The constructor returns the new Button widget. Its options include:

Table 5. Button widget options

Background color when the button is under the cursor.

activebackground

Foreground color when the button is under the cursor.

activeforeground

Where the text is positioned on the button. See Section 5.5, “An-

chors” (p. 12). For example, anchor=tk.NE would position the text at the

top right corner of the button.

anchor

New Mexico Tech Computer CenterTkinter 8.5 reference18

Width of the border around the outside of the button; see Section 5.1, “Di-

mensions” (p. 9). The default is two pixels.

bd or borderwidth

Normal background color.

bg or background

Name of one of the standard bitmaps to display on the button (instead of

text).

bitmap

Function or method to be called when the button is clicked.

command

Selects the cursor to be shown when the mouse is over the button.

cursor

tk.NORMAL is the default; use tk.DISABLED if the button is to be initially

disabled (grayed out, unresponsive to mouse clicks).

default

Foreground color used when the button is disabled.

disabledforeground

Normal foreground (text) color.

fg or foreground

Text font to be used for the button's label.

font

Height of the button in text lines (for textual buttons) or pixels (for images).

height

Color of the focus highlight when the widget does not have focus.

highlightbackground

The color of the focus highlight when the widget has focus.

highlightcolor

Thickness of the focus highlight.

highlightthickness

Image to be displayed on the button (instead of text).

image

How to show multiple text lines: tk.LEFT to left-justify each line;

tk.CENTER to center them; or tk.RIGHT to right-justify.

justify

The relief style to be used while the mouse is on the button; default relief

is tk.RAISED. See Section 5.6, “Relief styles” (p. 12).

overrelief

Additional padding left and right of the text. See Section 5.1, “Dimen-

sions” (p. 9) for the possible values for padding.

padx

Additional padding above and below the text.

pady

Species the relief type for the button (see Section 5.6, “Relief styles” (p. 12)).

The default relief is tk.RAISED.

relief

See repeatinterval, below.repeatdelay

Normally, a button res only once when the user releases the mouse button.

If you want the button to re at regular intervals as long as the mouse button

repeatinterval

is held down, set this option to a number of milliseconds to be used between

repeats, and set the repeatdelay to the number of milliseconds to wait

before starting to repeat. For example, if you specify “repeatdelay=500,

repeatinterval=100” the button will re after half a second, and every

tenth of a second thereafter, until the user releases the mouse button. If the

user does not hold the mouse button down at least repeatdelay milli-

seconds, the button will re normally.

Set this option to tk.DISABLED to gray out the button and make it unre-

sponsive. Has the value tk.ACTIVE when the mouse is over it. Default is

tk.NORMAL.

state

Normally, keyboard focus does visit buttons (see Section 53, “Focus: routing

keyboard input” (p. 155)), and a space character acts as the same as a mouse

takefocus

click, “pushing” the button. You can set the takefocus option to zero to

prevent focus from visiting the button.

19Tkinter 8.5 referenceNew Mexico Tech Computer Center

Text displayed on the button. Use internal newlines to display multiple text

lines.

text

An instance of StringVar() that is associated with the text on this button.

If the variable is changed, the new value will be displayed on the button.

See Section 52, “Control variables: the values behind the widgets” (p. 153).

textvariable

Default is -1, meaning that no character of the text on the button will be

underlined. If nonnegative, the corresponding text character will be under-

underline

lined. For example, underline=1 would underline the second character

of the button's text.

Width of the button in letters (if displaying text) or pixels (if displaying an

image).

width

If this value is set to a positive number, the text lines will be wrapped to t

within this length. For possible values, see Section 5.1, “Dimensions” (p. 9).

wraplength

Methods on Button objects:

.flash()

Causes the button to ash several times between active and normal colors. Leaves the button in the

state it was in originally. Ignored if the button is disabled.

.invoke()

Calls the button's command callback, and returns what that function returns. Has no eect if the

button is disabled or there is no callback.

8. The Canvas widget

A canvas is a rectangular area intended for drawing pictures or other complex layouts. On it you can

place graphics, text, widgets, or frames. See the following sections for methods that create objects on

canvases:

•

.create_arc(): A slice out of an ellipse. See Section 8.7, “Canvas arc objects” (p. 28).

•

.create_bitmap(): An image as a bitmap. See Section 8.8, “Canvas bitmap objects” (p. 29).

•

.create_image(): A graphic image. See Section 8.9, “Canvas image objects” (p. 30).

•

.create_line(): One or more line segments. See Section 8.10, “Canvas line objects” (p. 30).

•

.create_oval(): An ellipse; use this also for drawing circles, which are a special case of an ellipse.

See Section 8.11, “Canvas oval objects” (p. 32).

•

.create_polygon(): A polygon. See Section 8.12, “Canvas polygon objects” (p. 33).

•

.create_rectangle(): A rectangle. See Section 8.13, “Canvas rectangle objects” (p. 35).

•

.create_text(): Text annotation. See Section 8.14, “Canvas text objects” (p. 37).

•

.create_window(): A rectangular window. See Section 8.15, “Canvas window objects” (p. 38).

To create a Canvas object:

w = tk.Canvas(parent, option=value, ...)

The constructor returns the new Canvas widget. Supported options include:

New Mexico Tech Computer CenterTkinter 8.5 reference20

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