无线通信系统基石：第二版《天线与传播》详解

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《无线通信系统中的天线与传播：第二版》由Simon Saunders和Alejandro Aragón-Zavala合著，由John Wiley & Sons出版。本书是无线通信领域的重要参考资料，强调了天线和传播在确保无线通信系统的覆盖范围、容量和质量中的核心地位。它全面介绍了天线与传播的基本原理，涵盖了地面和卫星无线电系统，无论是移动还是固定环境下的应用。该书旨在为无线通信工程师提供坚实的基础，无论他们是从业者还是学生，都可在不依赖过多数学理论的情况下理解天线和传播的基本概念。书中内容包括： 1. 电磁学基础概述：介绍电磁波的传播原理以及它们如何在天线中转化为无线信号。 2. 天线基础：详细讲解天线的设计、类型（如定向天线、全向天线、微波天线等）及其在不同无线系统（如手机网络、雷达、卫星通信）中的实际应用。 3. 固定链接的传播测量、建模与预测：探讨了如何通过测量和模型来分析不同尺度的无线网络，如宏蜂窝、微蜂窝、皮基站和巨型蜂窝的信号传播特性。 4. 窄带与宽带信道建模：深入研究信道对通信系统性能的影响，包括多径效应、衰落和频率选择性衰落等。 5. 性能增强方法：介绍如何利用多样性技术、自适应天线和均衡器来克服和改善信道带来的干扰和失真，提升通信系统的性能。 6. 版权信息：本书享有版权保护，未经许可，不得以任何形式复制或传输，除非符合版权法的规定或获得版权所有者John Wiley & Sons的书面授权。《无线通信系统中的天线与传播：第二版》是一本极具实用价值的教材，不仅适合研究生和高年级本科生学习，也是无线通信工程实践者必备的参考工具，有助于读者掌握设计和分析各种常见无线通信系统的关键技能。

19.6.3 Receivers 482

19.6.4 Passive Elements 483

19.7 OUTDOOR MEASUREMENTS 484

19.7.1 General 484

19.7.2 Measurement Campaign Plan 484

19.7.3 Navigation 484

19.7.4 Size and Shape of Area for Averaging 486

19.7.5 Outdoor Testing Gui delines 488

19.8 INDOOR MEASUREMENTS 488

19.8.1 General 488

19.8.2 Navigation 489

19.8.3 Selection of Walk Routes 490

19.8.4 Equipment 491

19.8.5 Documentation 493

19.9 CONCLUSION 493

REFERENCES 493

PROBLEMS 494

20. Future Developments in the Wireless Communication Channel 497

20.1 INTRODUCTION 497

20.2 HIGH-RESOLUTION DATA 497

20.3 ANALYTICAL FORMULATIONS 498

20.4 PHYSICAL-STATISTICAL CHA NNEL MODELLING 498

20.5 MULTIDIMENSIONAL CHANNEL MODELS 498

20.6 REAL-TIME CHANNEL PREDICTIONS 498

20.7 INTELLIGENT ANTENNAS 499

20.8 DISTRIBUTED AND AD-HOC CELL ARCHITECTURES 499

20.9 CONCLUSION 500

REFERENCES 500

Appendix A Statistics, Probability and Stochastic Processes 501

A.1 INTRODUCTION 501

A.2 SINGLE RANDOM VARIABLES 501

A.3 MULTIPLE RANDOM VARIABLES 502

A.4 GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION AND CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM 503

A.5 RANDOM PROCESSES 503

REFERENCES 504

Appendix B Tables and Data 505

B.1 NORMAL (GAUSSIAN) DISTRIBUTION 505

B.2 ERROR FUNCTION 507

B.3 FRESNEL INTEGRALS 508

B.4 GAMMA FUNCTION 508

B.5 BESSEL FUNCTION 511

REFERENCE 511

Abbreviations 513

Index 517

Contents xvii

Preface to the First Edition

This book has grown out of my teaching and research at the University of Surrey and out of

my previous experiences in companies such as Philips, Ascom and Motorola. It is

primarily intended for use by students i n master’s level and enhanced ﬁnal-y ear un der-

graduate courses who are specialising in communication systems and wish to understand

the principles and current practices of the wireless communication channel, including both

antenna and propagation aspects. I have therefore included examples and problems in each

chapter to reinforce the material described and to show how they are applied in speciﬁc

situations. Additionally, much of the material has been used as parts of short courses run

for many of the leading industrial companies in the ﬁeld, so I hope that it may also be of

interest to those who have a professional interest in the subject. Although there a re several

excellent books which cover portions of this material and which go deeper in some areas,

my main motivation has been to create a book which covers the range of disciplines, from

electromagnetics to statistics, which are necessary in order to understand the implications

of the wireless channel on system performance. I have also attempted to bring together

reference material which is useful in this ﬁeld into a single, accessible volume, including a

few previously unpublished research results.

For those who are intending to use this material as part of a course, a set of presentation

slides, containing mos t of the ﬁgures from the book, is available free of charge from the World

Wide Web at the following URL: ftp://ftp.wiley.co.uk/pub/books/ saunders. These slides also

include several of the ﬁgures in colour, which was not possible within the book in the interest

of keeping the costs within reach of most students. For updated information concerning the

contents of the book, related sites and software, see http://www.simonsaunders.com/apbook

I have deliberately avoided working directly with Maxwell’s equations, although a verbal

statement of their implications is included. This is because very few of the practical problems

at the level of systems in this ﬁeld require these equations for their solution. It is nevertheless

important that the material is underpinned by basic physical principles, and this is the purpose

of the ﬁrst ﬁve chapters of the book. Nevertheless, I have not avoided the use of mathematics

where it is actually useful in illustrating concepts, or in providing practical means of analysis

or simulation.

Each chapter includes a list of references; wherever possible I have referred to journal

articles and books, as these are most easily and widely available, but some more recent works

only exist in conference proceedings.

The following notation is used throughout the text:

 Scalar variables are denoted by Times Roman italics, such as x and y.

 Physical vector quantities (i.e. those having magnitude and direction in three-dimensional

physical space) are denoted by Times Roman boldface, such as E and H.

 Unit vectors additionally have a circumﬂex, such as x

and y

 Column vectors are denoted by lower case sans serif boldface, such as x and r, whereas

matrix quantities are denoted by upper case sans serif boldface, such as X and R.

 The time or ensemble average of a random variable x is denoted by E[x].

 The logarithm to base 10 is written log, whe reas the natural logarithm is ln.

 Units are in square brackets, e.g. [metres].

 References are written in the form [ﬁrstauthor, year].

 Important new terms are usually introduced in italics.

 Equation numbers are given in round parentheses, e.g. (1.27)

Sincere acknowledgements are due to Mike Wilkins and Kheder Hanna of Jaybeam for

providing most of the photographs of antennas and radiation patterns; to Nicholas Hollman of

Cellnet for photographs of cellular masts and antenna installations; to Felipe Catedra for the

GTD microcell predictions of FASPRO, to Kevin Kelly of Nortel for the scattering maps; to

Heinz Mathis and Doug Pulley for providing constructive comments in the ﬁnal days of

production; to Mark Weller, Anthony Weller and David Pearson of Cellular Design Services

for providing real-world problems, measurement data and an ideal environment in which the

bulk of the work for the book was completed. I would particularly like to thank my colleagues,

research assistants and students at the Centre for Communication Systems Research at the

University of Surrey for providing time to complete this book and for many useful comments

on the material.

I apologise in advance for any errors which may have occurred in this text, and I would be

grateful to receive any comments, or suggestions about improvements for further editions.

Simon R. Saunders apbook@simonsa unders.com

Oughterard, Guildford and Ash, August 1998-June 1999

xx Preface to the First Edition

Preface to the Second Edition

Since the publication of the ﬁrst edition of this book in 1999, much has changed in the

wireless world. Third-generation cellular systems based on wideband CDMA have been

widely deployed and are allowing high-rate applications such as video calling and music

streaming to be accessed over wide area s. Wireless LAN systems, based mainly on Wi–Fi

protocols and increasingly using MIMO antenna systems, have allowed access to very high

data rates, particularly in indoor environments, and also increasingly in urban areas. Fixed

wireless access to provide broadband services over the wide area is enjoying a resurgence of

interest following the creation of the WiMax family of standards. Broadcasting is delivering

increased numbers of channe ls, richness of content and interactivity via digitisation of both

video and audio. The pace of change has increased as a result of factors such as increasing

deregulation of the radio spectrum, new technologies such as software radio and greater

convergence of ﬁxed and mobile services via multimode devices for concurrent computing

and communications.

Despite these changes, the fundamental importance of antennas and propagation has

continued undiminished. All wireless systems are subject to the variations imposed by the

wireless channel, and a good un derstanding of these variations is needed to answer basic

questions such as ‘‘How far does it go?’’ ‘‘How fast can I transmit data?’’ and ‘‘How many

users can I support?’’ This book aims to equip the reader with the knowledge and under-

standing needed to answer these questions for a very wide range of wireless systems.

The ﬁrst edition of the book reached a larger audience than originally expected, including

adoptions by many course tutors and by many seeking a primer in the ﬁeld without being

expert practitioners. At the same time many helpful comme nts were received, leading to the

changes which have been incorporated in this revised edition. Most signiﬁcantly, many people

commented that the title of the book suggested that more weight should be given to antenna

topics; this has been addressed via Chapters 4 and 14, devoted to the fundamentals of antennas

and to their applications in mobile systems. Chapter 19 has also been added, giving practical

details of channel measurement techniques for mobile systems. Throughout the book,

enhancements and corrections have been made to reﬂect the current practice and to address

speciﬁc comments from readers.

In addition to the acknowledgements of the ﬁrst edition, I am particularly grateful to my

co-author, Dr. Alejandro Arago

n -Zavala of Tecnolo

gico de Monterrey, Campus Quere

taro in

Mexico, who did most of the hard work on the updates to allow this second edition to be

produced in a reasonably timely fashion despite my efforts to the contrary. Thanks are also

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