经典计算机书籍推荐：国际大牛作品集

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关于计算机方面的书籍集合，这些书籍由众多国际知名作者撰写，旨在提供深入的编程和技术指导。其中，《C++ Primer Third Edition》是一本备受推崇的经典之作，它详细介绍了C++编程语言的原理和实践。书中特别提到了，许多制造商和销售商使用的品牌名称被标注为商标，当在本书中出现时，这些标识遵循特定格式以示尊重。尽管作者和出版社对书中的内容进行了精心编撰，但他们明确声明不做出任何形式的明示或默示保修，也不承担因使用书中的信息或程序而产生的任何偶然或间接损害的责任。这些程序和应用仅作为教学工具收录，并经过了仔细测试，但并不保证能用于特定目的。作者和出版方对提供的程序和应用程序不提供任何保修，也不接受与之相关的法律责任。值得注意的是，该书的版权和使用限制明确，这符合法律规范。对于批量订购或特殊销售的需求，出版社提供了折扣政策，对此有兴趣的读者可以通过联系企业的、政府的或其他特定渠道获取更详细的信息。整体而言，这本书是学习计算机科学特别是C++语言的宝贵资源，但使用者需自行承担可能的风险和责任，确保在合法范围内进行学习和实践。

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1. Read the sales file.

2. Count the sales by title and by publisher.

3. Sort the titles by publisher.

4. Write the results.

Items 1, 2, and 4 represent problems we know how to solve; they do not need to be broken down

further. Item 3, however, is still a little more than we know how to do. So we reapply our method to this

item:

1. Sort the sales by publisher.

2. Within each publisher, sort the sales by title.

3. Compare adjacent titles within each publisher group. For each matching pair, increment an

occurrence count of the first and delete the second.

Items 3a, 3b, and 3c also now represent problems that we know how to solve. Because we can solve all

the subproblems that we have identified, we have in effect solved the original, bigger problem. Moreover,

we see that the original order of tasks was incorrect. The sequence of actions required is the following:

1. Read the sales file.

2. Sort the sales file — first by publisher and then by title within publisher.

3. Compact duplicate titles.

4. Write the results into a new file.

The resulting sequence of actions is referred to as an algorithm. The next step is to translate our

algorithm into a particular programming language — in this case, C++.

The C++ Program

In C++, an action is referred to as an expression. An expression terminated by a semicolon is referred

to as a statement. The smallest independent unit in a C++ program is a statement. In a natural language,

an analogous construct is the sentence. The following, for example, are statements in C++:

int book_count = 0;

book_count = books_on_shelf + books_on_order;

cout « "the value of book_count: " « book_count;

The first statement is a declaration statement. book_count is variously called an identifier, a symbolic

variable (or variable for short), or an object. It defines an area of computer memory associated with

the name book_count that holds integer values. 0 is a literal constant. book_count is initialized to a

first value of zero.

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The second statement is an assignment statement. It places in the area of computer memory associated

with book_count the result of adding together books_on_shelf and books_on_order. Presumably,

these are also integer variables defined and assigned values in earlier portions of the program.

The third statement is an output statement. cout is the output destination associated with the user's

terminal. « is the output operator. The statement writes to cout — that is, the user's terminal — first the

string literal enclosed within quotation marks and then the value stored in the area of computer memory

associated with the name book_count. The output of this statement is

the value of book_count: 11273

presuming that the value of book_count at this point is 11,273.

Statements are logically grouped into named units referred to as functions. For example, all the

statements necessary to read the sales file are organized into a function called readIn(). Similarly, we

organize sort(), compact(), and print() functions.

In C++, every program must contain a function called main(), supplied by the programmer, before the

program can be run. Here is how main() might be defined for the preceding algorithm:

int main()

{

readIn();

sort();

compact();

print();

return 0;

}

A C++ program begins execution with the first statement of main(). In this case, the program begins by

executing the function readIn(). Program execution continues by sequentially executing the statements

within main(). The program terminates normally following execution of the last statement in main().

A function consists of four parts: a return type, the function name, a parameter list, and the function body.

The first three parts are collectively referred to as the function prototype.

The parameter list, enclosed within parentheses, contains a comma-separated list of zero or more

parameters. The function body is enclosed within a pair of curly braces. It consists of a sequence of

program statements.

In this instance, the body of main()invokes the functions readIn(), sort(), compact(), and print

(). When they have completed, the statement

return 0;

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is executed. return, a predefined C++ statement, provides a method of terminating the execution of a

function. When supplied with a value such as 0, that value becomes the return value of the function. In

this case, a return value of 0 indicates the successful completion of main(). (In Standard C++, main()

returns a value of 0 by default if an explicit return statement is not provided.)

Let's turn now to how the program is made ready for execution. First, we must provide definitions of

readIn(), sort(), compact(), and print(). At this point, the following dummy instances are good

enough:

void readIn() { cout « "readIn()\n"; }

void sort() { cout « "sort()\n"; }

void compact() { cout « "compact()\n"; }

void print() { cout « "print()\n"; }

void is used to specify a function that does not provide a return value. As defined, each function will

simply announce its presence on the user's terminal when invoked by main(). Later, we can replace

these dummy instances with the actual functions as they are implemented.

This incremental method of building programs provides a useful measure of control over the programming

errors we inevitably make. Trying to get a program to work all at once is simply too complicated and

confusing.

A program source file's name generally consists of two parts: a file name — for example, bookstore —

and a file suffix. The file suffix, by convention, serves to identify the contents of the file. The file

bookstore.h

by convention is interpreted to be a header file within either the C or C++ language. (The standard C++

header files, however, have no suffix — they represent the proverbial exception to the rule.)

The file

bookstore.c

by convention is interpreted to be a C program text file, whereas, under the UNIX operating system, the

file

bookstore.C

by convention is interpreted to be a C++ program text file. The suffix for C++ program files varies

among the different implementations of C++, particularly since, under DOS, the lower-case and

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[1]

At the time of this writing, not all C++ implementations support namespaces. If your implementation does not support namespaces,

the using directive must be omitted. Because many of the examples in this book were compiled with implementations not supporting

namespaces, using directives have been omitted from most code examples.

Once the program has been entered into a file, say, prog1.C, the next step is to compile it. This is done

as follows under the UNIX operating system ($ represents the system prompt):

$ CC prog1.C

The command name used to invoke the C++ compiler varies across implementations. (Under Windows,

the command is usually invoked through clicking on a menu item.) CC is the command name for the C++

compiler we use on our UNIX workstations. Check the reference manual or ask your system

administrator for the C++ command name on your system.

Part of the compiler's job is to analyze the program text for correctness. A compiler cannot detect

whether the meaning of a program is correct, but it can detect errors in the form of the program. Two

common forms of program error are the following:

1. Syntax errors. The programmer has made a "grammatical" error in the C++ language. For

example:

int main ( { // error: missing ')'

readIn(): // error: illegal character ':'

sort();

compact();

print();

return 0 // error: missing ';'

}

2. Type errors. Each item of data in C++ has an associated type. The value 10, for example, is an

integer. The word "hello" surrounded by double quotation marks is a string. If a function expecting

an integer argument is given a string, a type error is signaled by the compiler.

An error message contains a line number and a brief description of what the compiler believes we have

done wrong. It is a good practice to correct errors in the sequence they are reported. Often a single

error can have a cascading effect and cause a compiler to report more errors than actually are present.

Once the error has been corrected, the program should be recompiled. This cycle is often referred to as

edit-compile-debug.

A second part of the compiler's job is to translate formally correct program text. This translation, referred

to as code generation, typically generates object or assembly instruction text understood by the

computer on which the program is run.

The result of a successful compilation is an executable file. When run, our program generates the

following output:

readIn()

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