Python GTK+3教程：从入门到精通

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"python gtk3 tutorial" 本教程是关于Python GTK+3的开发文档，适合对使用Python进行图形用户界面（GUI）编程感兴趣的学习者。GTK+3是一个强大的跨平台的GUI工具包，而Python作为其绑定语言，使得开发变得更加简单易行。教程作者Sebastian Pölsterl在2016年7月26日发布了这个3.4版本的教程，旨在帮助开发者快速入门并掌握GTK+3的基本用法。 **安装** 在开始学习前，需要先安装必要的依赖和Python GTK+3库。教程涵盖了三种安装方式： 1.1 **依赖**：列出了一些基本的系统依赖项，确保它们已经安装，以便于GTK+3能正常运行。 1.2 **预建包**：提供了针对不同操作系统的预编译二进制包，方便快速安装。 1.3 **从源代码安装**：对于希望自定义编译或需要最新功能的开发者，可以从源代码进行安装，这通常需要更多的步骤和技术知识。 **开始使用** 2.1 **简单示例**：通过一个简单的程序介绍如何创建窗口和显示文本，这是理解GTK+3基本结构的基础。 2.2 **扩展示例**：进一步展示了如何添加更多组件和交互功能，使开发者了解如何构建更复杂的界面。 **基础概念** 3.1 **主循环和信号**：GTK+3的主循环处理窗口事件，而信号机制允许组件之间通信和响应用户操作。 3.2 **属性**：组件有自己的属性，可以用来设置和获取组件的状态，如大小、颜色等。 **字符串处理** 4.x 部分详细讲解了在Python 2和Python 3中处理字符串的不同方法，以及相关的引用和最佳实践。 **布局容器** 5.x **布局容器**是组织和布局组件的关键，包括： - 5.1 **Box**：沿水平或垂直方向排列组件。 - 5.2 **Grid**：二维网格布局，适用于复杂布局。 - 5.3 **ListBox**：可滚动列表，用于显示多行数据。 - 5.4 **Stack和StackSwitcher**：用于切换不同的视图。 - 5.5 **HeaderBar**：提供一个顶部栏来展示标题和控件。 - 5.6 **FlowBox**：按流式布局显示元素。 - 5.7 **Notebook**：多页布局，常用于选项卡式界面。 **其他组件** 6.x **Label**：用于显示静态文本，教程给出了一个示例展示其用法。 7.x **Entry**：文本输入框，支持用户输入文本，同样有示例代码。 8.x **按钮**：包括多种类型的按钮，如： - 8.1 **Button**：基本的点击按钮。 - 8.2 **ToggleButton**：可切换状态的按钮。 - 8.3 **CheckButton**：复选按钮。 - 8.4 **RadioButton**：单选按钮。 - 8.5 **LinkButton**：点击后跳转到URL的按钮。 - 8.6 **SpinButton**：数值输入框，支持上下箭头调整值。 - 8.7 **Switch**：开关按钮，常用于开启/关闭功能。 9.x **ProgressBar**：显示进度条，用于呈现任务的完成度。 10.x **Spinner**：加载指示器，表示程序正在执行后台任务。 11.x **树和列表组件**：介绍模型-视图-选择器的概念，以及排序和过滤功能。 12.x **单元渲染器**：用于在表格或列表中显示数据，包括： - 12.1 **CellRendererText**：显示文本的单元渲染器。 - 12.2 **CellRendererToggle**：用于复选框或单选按钮的单元渲染器。这个教程覆盖了Python GTK+3的基础和进阶内容，从安装到实际应用，为开发者提供了全面的指南，有助于快速上手并创建功能丰富的GUI应用程序。

The Python GTK+ 3 Tutorial, Release 3.4

window.connect("delete-event", Gtk.main_quit)

Calling Gtk.main_quit() makes the main loop inside of Gtk.main() return.

3.2 Properties

Properties describe the conﬁguration and state of widgets. As for signals, each widget has its own particular set of

properties. For example, a button has the property “label” which contains the text of the label widget inside the button.

You can specify the name and value of any number of properties as keyword arguments when creating an instance of

a widget. To create a label aligned to the right with the text “Hello World” and an angle of 25 degrees, use:

label = Gtk.Label(label="Hello World", angle=25, halign=Gtk.Align.END)

which is equivalent to

label = Gtk.Label()

label.set_label("Hello World")

label.set_angle(25)

label.set_halign(Gtk.Align.END)

Instead of using getters and setters you can also get and set the gobject properties through the “props”

property such as widget.props.prop_name = value. This is equivelent to the more verbose

widget.get_property("prop-name") and widget.set_property("prop-name", value).

To see which properties are available for a widget in the running version of GTK you can “dir” the “props” property:

widget = Gtk.Box()

print(dir(widget.props))

This will print in the console the list of properties a Gtk.Box has.

10 Chapter 3. Basics

CHAPTER 4

How to Deal With Strings

This section explains how strings are represented in Python 2.x, Python 3.x and GTK+ and discusses common errors

that arise when working with strings.

4.1 Deﬁnitions

Conceptionally, a string is a list of characters such as ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’ or ‘É’. Characters are abstract representations and

their meaning depends on the language and context they are used in. The Unicode standard describes how characters

are represented by code points. For example the characters above are represented with the code points U+0041,

U+0042, U+0043, and U+00C9, respectively. Basically, code points are numbers in the range from 0 to 0x10FFFF.

As mentioned earlier, the representation of a string as a list of code points is abstract. In order to convert this abstract

representation into a sequence of bytes the Unicode string must be encoded. The simplest form of encoding is ASCII

and is performed as follows:

1. If the code point is < 128, each byte is the same as the value of the code point.

2. If the code point is 128 or greater, the Unicode string can’t be represented in this encoding. (Python raises a

UnicodeEncodeError exception in this case.)

Although ASCII encoding is simple to apply it can only encode for 128 different characters which is hardly enough.

One of the most commonly used encodings that addresses this problem is UTF-8 (it can handle any Unicode code

point). UTF stands for “Unicode Transformation Format”, and the ‘8’ means that 8-bit numbers are used in the

encoding.

4.2 Python 2

4.2.1 Python 2.x’s Unicode Support

Python 2 comes with two different kinds of objects that can be used to represent strings, str and unicode. Instances

of the latter are used to express Unicode strings, whereas instances of the str type are byte representations (the

encoded string). Under the hood, Python represents Unicode strings as either 16- or 32-bit integers, depending on how

the Python interpreter was compiled. Unicode strings can be converted to 8-bit strings with unicode.encode():

>>> unicode_string = u"Fu\u00dfb\u00e4lle"

>>> print unicode_string

Fußbälle

>>> type(unicode_string)

The Python GTK+ 3 Tutorial, Release 3.4

>>> unicode_string.encode("utf-8")

'Fu\xc3\x9fb\xc3\xa4lle'

Python’s 8-bit strings have a str.decode() method that interprets the string using the given encoding:

>>> utf8_string = unicode_string.encode("utf-8")

>>> type(utf8_string)

>>> u2 = utf8_string.decode("utf-8")

>>> unicode_string == u2

True

Unfortunately, Python 2.x allows you to mix unicode and str if the 8-bit string happened to contain only 7-bit

(ASCII) bytes, but would get UnicodeDecodeError if it contained non-ASCII values:

>>> utf8_string = " sind rund"

>>> unicode_string + utf8_string

u'Fu\xdfb\xe4lle sind rund'

>>> utf8_string = " k\xc3\xb6nnten rund sein"

>>> print utf8_string

könnten rund sein

>>> unicode_string + utf8_string

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xc3 in position 2:

ordinal not in range(128)

4.2.2 Unicode in GTK+

GTK+ uses UTF-8 encoded strings for all text. This means that if you call a method that returns a string you will

always obtain an instance of the str type. The same applies to methods that expect one or more strings as parameter,

they must be UTF-8 encoded. However, for convenience PyGObject will automatically convert any unicode instance

to str if supplied as argument:

>>> from gi.repository import Gtk

>>> label = Gtk.Label()

>>> unicode_string = u"Fu\u00dfb\u00e4lle"

>>> label.set_text(unicode_string)

>>> txt = label.get_text()

>>> type(txt), txt

(<type 'str'>, 'Fu\xc3\x9fb\xc3\xa4lle')

>>> txt == unicode_string

__main__:1: UnicodeWarning: Unicode equal comparison failed to convert

both arguments to Unicode - interpreting them as being unequal

False

Note the warning at the end. Although we called Gtk.Label.set_text() with a unicode instance as argument,

Gtk.Label.get_text() will always return a str instance. Accordingly, txt and unicode_string are not

equal.

This is especially important if you want to internationalize your program using gettext. You have to make sure that

gettext will return UTF-8 encoded 8-bit strings for all languages. In general it is recommended to not use unicode

objects in GTK+ applications at all and only use UTF-8 encoded str objects since GTK+ does not fully integrate

with unicode objects. Otherwise, you would have to decode the return values to Unicode strings each time you call

a GTK+ method:

12 Chapter 4. How to Deal With Strings

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