HTTP权威指南：网络协议深度解析

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"HTTP The Definitive Guide 是一本由 David Gourley 和 Brian Totty 合著，Marjorie Sayer, Sailu Reddy 和 Anshu Aggarwal 参与编写的关于超文本传输协议（HTTP）的专业指南。这本书详细阐述了HTTP协议的各个方面，旨在为读者提供全面深入的理解。" 在《HTTP权威指南》中，作者们深入探讨了以下几个重要的知识点： 1. **HTTP基础**：书中首先介绍了HTTP协议的基本概念，包括其作为应用层协议的地位，以及它在万维网（WWW）中的作用。HTTP的工作原理，如请求-响应模型、方法（GET、POST、PUT等）以及状态码（如200、404、500等）的含义。 2. **请求与响应**：详细解释了HTTP请求和响应的结构，包括报头（headers）、主体（body）以及它们如何承载数据，如URL编码、Cookie管理、MIME类型等。 3. **缓存机制**：HTTP的缓存机制是提高网络性能的关键，书中详细讨论了强缓存和协商缓存，以及如何通过Expires和Cache-Control头来控制缓存策略。 4. **持久连接**：HTTP/1.1引入了持久连接（Keep-Alive），以减少TCP连接的开销，书中会讲解如何使用和管理这些连接。 5. **安全与HTTPS**：HTTP的安全版本HTTPS，利用SSL/TLS提供加密通信和服务器身份验证，书中详细阐述了HTTPS的工作流程，包括证书、密钥交换和握手过程。 6. **HTTP版本演进**：从HTTP/1.0到HTTP/2再到HTTP/3，每个新版本都带来了性能提升和优化，例如HTTP/2的多路复用和HTTP/3的QUIC协议。 7. **Web服务与API**：HTTP在Web服务和RESTful API中的应用，包括JSON和XML数据格式，以及API设计的最佳实践。 8. **HTTP代理和网关**：代理服务器和网关如何作为HTTP架构的一部分工作，它们如何帮助实现负载均衡、缓存和安全性。 9. **错误处理和调试**：书中还提供了识别和解决HTTP相关问题的技巧，如何使用工具如Wireshark、curl和浏览器开发者工具进行调试。 10. **性能优化**：涵盖HTTP压缩、内容分发网络（CDN）和响应式设计等技术，以提高网页加载速度和用户体验。《HTTP权威指南》是一本全面覆盖HTTP协议的著作，适合网络开发人员、系统管理员、运维人员以及对HTTP感兴趣的任何人阅读，它提供了理解网络通信机制的深度洞察，并为实际工作提供了实用的指导。

xiv

Preface

This book is the result of a tremendous amount of work by many people who share

an enthusiasm for Internet technologies. We hope you find it useful.

Running Example: Joe’s Hardware Store

Many of our chapters include a running example of a hypothetical online hardware

and home-improvement store called “Joe’s Hardware” to demonstrate technology

concepts. We have set up a real web site for the store (http://www.joes-hardware.

com) for you to test some of the examples in the book. We will maintain this web site

while this book remains in print.

Chapter-by-Chapter Guide

This book contains 21 chapters, divided into 5 logical parts (each with a technology

theme), and 8 useful appendixes containing reference data and surveys of related

technologies:

Part I, HTTP: The Web’s Foundation

Part II, HTTP Architecture

Part III, Identification, Authorization, and Security

Part IV, Entities, Encodings, and Internationalization

Part V, Content Publishing and Distribution

Part VI, Appendixes

Part I, HTTP: The Web’s Foundation, describes the core technology of HTTP, the

foundation of the Web, in four chapters:

• Chapter 1, Overview of HTTP, is a rapid-paced overview of HTTP.

• Chapter 2, URLs and Resources, details the formats of uniform resource locators

(URLs) and the various types of resources that URLs name across the Internet. It

also outlines the evolution to uniform resource names (URNs).

• Chapter 3, HTTP Messages, details how HTTP messages transport web content.

• Chapter 4, Connection Management, explains the commonly misunderstood and

poorly documented rules and behavior for managing HTTP connections.

Part II, HTTP Architecture, highlights the HTTP server, proxy, cache, gateway, and

robot applications that are the architectural building blocks of web systems. (Web

browsers are another building block, of course, but browsers already were covered

thoroughly in Part I of the book.) Part II contains the following six chapters:

• Chapter 5, Web Servers, gives an overview of web server architectures.

• Chapter 6, Proxies, explores HTTP proxy servers, which are intermediary serv-

ers that act as platforms for HTTP services and controls.

• Chapter 7, Caching, delves into the science of web caches—devices that improve

performance and reduce traffic by making local copies of popular documents.

Preface

• Chapter 8, Integration Points: Gateways, Tunnels, and Relays, explains gateways

and application servers that allow HTTP to work with software that speaks dif-

ferent protocols, including Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) encrypted protocols.

• Chapter 9, Web Robots, describes the various types of clients that pervade the

Web, including the ubiquitous browsers, robots and spiders, and search engines.

• Chapter 10, HTTP-NG, talks about HTTP developments still in the works: the

HTTP-NG protocol.

Part III, Identification, Authorization, and Security, presents a suite of techniques and

technologies to track identity, enforce security, and control access to content. It con-

tains the following four chapters:

• Chapter 11, Client Identification and Cookies, talks about techniques to identify

users so that content can be personalized to the user audience.

• Chapter 12, Basic Authentication, highlights the basic mechanisms to verify user

identity. The chapter also examines how HTTP authentication interfaces with

databases.

• Chapter 13, Digest Authentication, explains digest authentication, a complex

proposed enhancement to HTTP that provides significantly enhanced security.

• Chapter 14, Secure HTTP, is a detailed overview of Internet cryptography, digi-

tal certificates, and SSL.

Part IV, Entities, Encodings, and Internationalization, focuses on the bodies of HTTP

messages (which contain the actual web content) and on the web standards that

describe and manipulate content stored in the message bodies. Part IV contains three

chapters:

• Chapter 15, Entities and Encodings, describes the structure of HTTP content.

• Chapter 16, Internationalization, surveys the web standards that allow users

around the globe to exchange content in different languages and character sets.

• Chapter 17, Content Negotiation and Transcoding, explains mechanisms for

negotiating acceptable content.

Part V, Content Publishing and Distribution, discusses the technology for publishing

and disseminating web content. It contains four chapters:

• Chapter 18, Web Hosting, discusses the ways people deploy servers in modern

web hosting environments and HTTP support for virtual web hosting.

• Chapter 19, Publishing Systems, discusses the technologies for creating web con-

tent and installing it onto web servers.

• Chapter 20, Redirection and Load Balancing, surveys the tools and techniques for

distributing incoming web traffic among a collection of servers.

• Chapter 21, Logging and Usage Tracking, covers log formats and common

questions.

Preface

xvii

There is a web page for this book, which lists errata, examples, or any additional

information. You can access this page at:

http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/httptdg/

To comment or ask technical questions about this book, send email to:

bookquestions@oreilly.com

For more information about books, conferences, Resource Centers, and the O’Reilly

Network, see the O’Reilly web site at:

http://www.oreilly.com

Acknowledgments

This book is the labor of many. The five authors would like to hold up a few people

in thanks for their significant contributions to this project.

To start, we’d like to thank Linda Mui, our editor at O’Reilly. Linda first met with

David and Brian way back in 1996, and she refined and steered several concepts into

the book you hold today. Linda also helped keep our wandering gang of first-time

book authors moving in a coherent direction and on a progressing (if not rapid) time-

line. Most of all, Linda gave us the chance to create this book. We’re very grateful.

We’d also like to thank several tremendously bright, knowledgeable, and kind souls

who devoted noteworthy energy to reviewing, commenting on, and correcting drafts

of this book. These include Tony Bourke, Sean Burke, Mike Chowla, Shernaz Daver,

Fred Douglis, Paula Ferguson, Vikas Jha, Yves Lafon, Peter Mattis, Chuck Neer-

daels, Luis Tavera, Duane Wessels, Dave Wu, and Marco Zagha. Their viewpoints

and suggestions have improved the book tremendously.

Rob Romano from O’Reilly created most of the amazing artwork you’ll find in this

book. The book contains an unusually large number of detailed illustrations that

make subtle concepts very clear. Many of these illustrations were painstakingly cre-

ated and revised numerous times. If a picture is worth a thousand words, Rob added

hundreds of pages of value to this book.

Brian would like to personally thank all of the authors for their dedication to this

project. A tremendous amount of time was invested by the authors in a challenge to

make the first detailed but accessible treatment of HTTP. Weddings, childbirths,

killer work projects, startup companies, and graduate schools intervened, but the

authors held together to bring this project to a successful completion. We believe the

result is worthy of everyone’s hard work and, most importantly, that it provides a

valuable service. Brian also would like to thank the employees of Inktomi for their

enthusiasm and support and for their deep insights about the use of HTTP in real-

world applications. Also, thanks to the fine folks at Cajun-shop.com for allowing us

to use their site for some of the examples in this book.

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