IBM C++ V8.0 for Linux语言参考手册

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"IBM C++ Language Reference.pdf" 是一本详细的指南，针对的是 IBM XLC/C++ Advanced Edition V8.0 for Linux，这是一款面向Linux平台的专业级C++编程语言工具。该版本发布于2005年11月，适用于产品编号为5724-M16的软件，并适用于后续所有版本的更新和修改，直到有新的版本说明指出。书中在第425页的" Notices" 部分，用户在使用前必须阅读的一般信息至关重要。这可能包括版权声明、法律条款、许可证协议以及可能存在的限制或注意事项，确保用户在合法范围内使用该产品及其支持资料。作为第一版，它提供了全面的语言参考，涵盖了C++编程语言的关键特性、语法、库函数、标准模板库（STL）以及IBM特定的扩展功能。它还强调了与Linux环境的集成，因此，对于想要在IBM大型机上进行高效C++开发的开发者来说，这本书是不可或缺的参考资料。 IBM鼓励用户积极参与反馈，可以通过电子邮件compinfo@ca.ibm.com提出意见，需包含书名、订单号以及与问题相关的页面或话题。用户提供的信息将被IBM视为非独家许可，允许IBM自由使用并以他们认为合适的方式传播，而无需对用户承担任何义务。此外，由于是针对政府用户的特别说明，该文档可能包含了关于美国政府用户使用、复制或披露权限的限制，这些通常遵循美国联邦政府收购协议（GSA ADP Schedule）的规定。这意味着在政府机构中使用时，必须遵循特定的规章制度。 "IBM C++ Language Reference.pdf"是一本实用且权威的资源，不仅提供基础的C++语法解析，还包括高级特性与IBM特定优化，适合Linux平台上的开发者深入理解和使用IBM XLC/C++语言。同时，它也强调了与用户沟通和知识产权管理的重要性。

Table 3. XL C/C++ PDF files (continued)

Document title

PDF file

name Description

IBM XL C/C++ Advanced

Edition V8.0 for Linux

Compiler Reference,

SC09-8013-00

compiler.pdf Contains information about the various

compiler options, pragmas, macros,

environment variables, and built-in functions,

including those used for parallel processing.

IBM XL C/C++ Advanced

Edition V8.0 for Linux

Programming Guide,

SC09-8014-00

proguide.pdf Contains information on advanced

programming topics, such as application

porting, interlanguage calls with Fortran code,

library development, application optimization

and parallelization, and the XL C/C++

high-performance libraries.

These PDF files are viewable and printable from Adobe Reader. If you do not

have the Adobe Reader installed, you can download it from www.adobe.com.

Additional documentation

More documentation related to XL C/C++, including redbooks, whitepapers,

tutorials, and other articles, is available on the Web at:

www.ibm.com/software/awdtools/xlcpp/library

Related publications

You might want to consult the following publications, which are also referenced

throughout this document:

v Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), available at

http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/

Technical support

Additional technical support is available from the XL C/C++ Support page. This

page provides a portal with search capabilities to a large selection of technical

support FAQs and other support documents. You can find the XL C/C++ Support

page on the Web at:

www.ibm.com/software/awdtools/xlcpp/support

If you cannot find what you need, you can e-mail:

compinfo@ca.ibm.com

For the latest information about XL C/C++, visit the product information site at:

www.ibm.com/software/awdtools/xlcpp

How to send your comments

Your feedback is important in helping to provide accurate and high-quality

information. If you have any comments about this document or any other XL

C/C++ documentation, send your comments by e-mail to:

compinfo@ca.ibm.com

xiv XL C/C++ Language Reference

Chapter 1. Scope and linkage

Scope is the largest region of program text in which a name can potentially be used

without qualification to refer to an entity; that is, the largest region in which the

name potentially is valid. Broadly speaking, scope is the general context used to

differentiate the meanings of entity names. The rules for scope combined with

those for name resolution enable the compiler to determine whether a reference to

an identifier is legal at a given point in a file.

The scope of a declaration and the visibility of an identifier are related but distinct

concepts. Scope is the mechanism by which it is possible to limit the visibility of

declarations in a program. The visibility of an identifier is the region of program

text from which the object associated with the identifier can be legally accessed.

Scope can exceed visibility, but visibility cannot exceed scope. Scope exceeds

visibility when a duplicate identifier is used in an inner declarative region, thereby

hiding the object declared in the outer declarative region. The original identifier

cannot be used to access the first object until the scope of the duplicate identifier

(the lifetime of the second object) has ended.

Thus, the scope of an identifier is interrelated with the storage duration of the

identified object, which is the length of time that an object remains in an identified

region of storage. The lifetime of the object is influenced by its storage duration,

which in turn is affected by the scope of the object identifier.

Linkage refers to the use or availability of a name across multiple translation units

or within a single translation unit. The term translation unit refers to a source code

file plus all the header and other source files that are included after preprocessing

with the #include directive, minus any source lines skipped because of conditional

preprocessing directives. Linkage allows the correct association of each instance of

an identifier with one particular object or function.

Scope and linkage are distinguishable in that scope is for the benefit of the

compiler, whereas linkage is for the benefit of the linker. During the translation of

a source file to object code, the compiler keeps track of the identifiers that have

external linkage and eventually stores them in a table within the object file. The

linker is thereby able to determine which names have external linkage, but is

unaware of those with internal or no linkage.

The distinctions between the different types of scopes are discussed in “Scope” on

page 2. The different types of linkages are discussed in “Program linkage” on page

Related information

v “Storage class specifiers” on page 43

v Chapter 9, “Namespaces (C++ only),” on page 221

Scope

The scope of an identifier is the largest region of the program text in which the

identifier can potentially be used to refer to its object. In C++, the object being

referred to must be unique. However, the name to access the object, the identifier

itself, can be reused. The meaning of the identifier depends upon the context in

which the identifier is used. Scope is the general context used to distinguish the

meanings of names.

The scope of an identifier is possibly noncontiguous. One of the ways that

breakage occurs is when the same name is reused to declare a different entity,

thereby creating a contained declarative region (inner) and a containing declarative

region (outer). Thus, point of declaration is a factor affecting scope. Exploiting the

possibility of a noncontiguous scope is the basis for the technique called information

hiding.

The concept of scope that exists in C was expanded and refined in C++. The

following table shows the kinds of scopes and the minor differences in

terminology.

Table 4. Kinds of scope

C C++

block local

function function

Function prototype Function prototype

file global namespace

namespace

class

In all declarations, the identifier is in scope before the initializer. The following

example demonstrates this:

int x;

void f() {

int x = x;

}

The x declared in function f() has local scope, not global scope.

Related information

v Chapter 9, “Namespaces (C++ only),” on page 221

Block/local scope

A name has local scope or block scope if it is declared in a block. A name with local

scope can be used in that block and in blocks enclosed within that block, but the

name must be declared before it is used. When the block is exited, the names

declared in the block are no longer available.

Parameter names for a function have the scope of the outermost block of that

function. Also, if the function is declared and not defined, these parameter names

have function prototype scope.

2 XL C/C++ Language Reference

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