Debian Edu Linux 操作系统手册：探索 Buster 版本

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"debian-edu-buster-manual.pdf" 是一本关于 Debian Edu Linux 操作系统的手册，特别针对 Debian Edu 10 + edu0 (代号 Buster) 版本。这本手册出版于2020年11月30日，内容涵盖了 Debian Edu 的历史、架构、网络设置、安装要求、硬件需求以及网络配置等多个方面，是了解和使用 Debian Edu Linux 的宝贵资料。在手册中，首先介绍了 Debian Edu 和 Skolelinux 的背景，它们是两个名字，但有着共同的历史。Skolelinux 是 Debian Edu 的前身，主要设计用于教育环境，提供了一整套软件和服务，便于学校构建和管理IT基础设施。关于 Debian Edu 的架构，手册详细讨论了网络配置。默认的网络设置包括一个主服务器（tjener），它运行着各种服务，如文件服务器、打印服务器等。LTSP（Linux Terminal Server Project）服务器用于支持瘦客户端（thin clients）和无磁盘工作站（diskless workstations）。这些客户端通过网络连接到主服务器，获取操作系统和应用，降低了硬件维护成本。在硬件和网络需求部分，手册提到了基本的硬件要求，包括对处理器架构的支持（amd64 或 i386）以及网络设备的要求。此外，还特别指出了默认的网络配置，如互联网路由器的连接需求，以确保整个系统能正常运行。安装和下载选项部分，手册指导用户如何获取 Debian Edu 的安装媒体，提供了 netinst ISO 镜像和 BD ISO 镜像的下载链接，并强调了验证下载文件完整性的必要性，以防止下载过程中出现错误。 "debian-edu-buster-manual.pdf" 手册对于那些想要部署、管理和使用 Debian Edu Linux 教育环境的用户来说，是一份极其重要的参考文档，提供了详尽的操作指南和技术细节。

Debian Edu / Skolelinux Buster 10+edu0 Manual 8 / 101

5 Requirements for network setup

5.1 Default Setup

When using the default network architecture, these rules apply:

• You need exactly one main server, the tjener.

• You can have hundreds of workstations on the main network.

• You can have a lot of LTSP servers on the main network; two dierent subnets are precongured (DNS, DHCP) in LDAP,

more can be added.

• You can have hundreds of thin clients and/or diskless workstations on each LTSP server network.

• You can have hundreds of other machines which will have dynamic IP addresses assigned.

• For access to the Internet you need a router/gateway (see below).

5.2 Internet router

A router/gateway, connected to the Internet on the external interface and running on the IP address 10.0.0.1 with netmask

255.0.0.0 on the internal interface, is needed to connect to the Internet.

The router should not run a DHCP server, it can run a DNS server, though this is not needed and will not be used.

In case you already have a router but are unable to congure it as needed (eg because you are not allowed to do so, or

for technical reasons), an older computer with two network interfaces can be turned into a gateway between the existing

network and the Debian Edu one.

A simple way is to install Debian Edu on this computer; select ’Minimal’ as prole during installation.

After the installation:

• Adjust the /etc/network/interfaces le.

• Change the hostname permanently to ’gateway’.

• Remove superuous scripts.

• Enable IP forwarding and NAT for the 10.0.0.0/8 network.

• As an option install a rewall and / or a trac shaping tool.

#!/bin/sh

# Turn a system with profile ’Minimal ’ into a gateway / firewall .

sed -i ’s/auto eth0 /auto eth0 eth1 /’ /etc /network/interfaces

sed -i ’/ eth1/ s/dhcp/static/’ /etc/network/ interfaces

sed -i ’/post -up/d’ /etc/ network /interfaces

echo ’ address 10.0.0.1 ’ >> /etc/ network / interfaces

echo ’dns - nameservers 10.0.2.2 ’ >> /etc/network/interfaces

echo ’dns -domain intern ’ >> /etc/ network / interfaces

hostname -b gateway

hostname > /etc/ hostname

rm -f / etc/ dhcp/dhclient -exit -hooks.d/hostname

rm -f / etc/ dhcp/dhclient -exit -hooks.d/wpad -proxy - update

rm -f / etc/ dhcp/dhclient -exit -hooks.d/fetch -ldap - cert

rm -f / etc/ network /if -up.d/wpad -proxy - update

sed -i ’s/domain -name ,//’ /etc/ dhcp/dhclient -debian -edu.conf

sed -i ’s/domain -search ,//’ /etc/dhcp/dhclient - debian -edu.conf

Debian Edu / Skolelinux Buster 10+edu0 Manual 9 / 101

service networking stop

service networking start

sed -i ’s#NAT=#NAT =”10.0.0.0/8”# ’ /etc/default/enable - nat

service enable -nat restart

# You might want a firewall ( shorewall or ufw) and traffic shaping .

#apt update

#apt install shorewall

# or

#apt install ufw

#apt install wondershaper

If you need something for an embedded router or accesspoint we recommend using OpenWRT, though of course you can

also use the original rmware. Using the original rmware is easier; using OpenWRT gives you more choices and control.

Check the OpenWRT webpages for a list of supported hardware.

It is possible to use a dierent network setup (there is a documented procedure to do this), but if you are not forced to

do this by an existing network infrastructure, we recommend against doing so and recommend you stay with the default

network architecture.

6 Installation and download options

6.1 Where to nd additional information

We recommend that you read or at least take a look at the release notes for Debian Buster before you start installing a

system for production use. There is more information about the Debian Buster release available in its installation manual.

Please give Debian Edu/Skolelinux a try, it should just work.

It is recommended, though, to read the chapters about hardware and network requirements and about the architecture

before starting to install a main server.

Be sure to also read the getting started chapter of this manual, as it explains how to log in for the rst time.

6.2 Download the installation media for Debian Edu 10+edu0 Codename Buster

6.2.1 amd64 or i386

amd64 and i386 are the names of two Debian architectures for x86 CPUs, both are or have been build by AMD, Intel and

other manufacturers. amd64 is a 64-bit architecture and i386 is a 32-bit architecture. New installations today should be

done using amd64. i386 should only be used for old hardware.

6.2.2 netinst iso images for amd64 or i386

The netinst iso image can be used for installation from CD/DVD and USB ash drives and is available for two Debian

architectures: amd64 or i386. As the name implies, internet access is required for the installation.

Once Buster has been released these images will be available for download from:

• http://get.debian.org/cdimage/release/current/amd64/iso-cd/

• http://get.debian.org/cdimage/release/current/i386/iso-cd/

Debian Edu / Skolelinux Buster 10+edu0 Manual 10 / 101

6.2.3 BD iso images for i386 or amd64

This ISO image is approximately 5 GB large and can be used for installation of amd64 or i386 machines, also without access

to the Internet. Like the netinst image it can be installed on USB ash drives or disk media of sucient size.

Once Buster has been released these images will be available for download from:

• http://get.debian.org/cdimage/release/current/amd64/iso-bd/

• http://get.debian.org/cdimage/release/current/i386/iso-bd/

6.2.4 Verication of downloaded image les

Detailed instructions for verifying these images are part of the Debian-CD FAQ.

6.2.5 Sources

Sources are available from the Debian archive at the usual locations, several media are linked on http://get.debian.

org/cdimage/release/current/source/

6.3 Request a CD / DVD by mail

For those without a fast Internet connection, we can oer a CD or DVD sent for the cost of the CD or DVD and shipping.

Just send an email to cd@skolelinux.no and we will discuss the payment details (for shipping and media). Remember

to include the address you want the CD or DVD to be sent to in the email.

6.4 Installing Debian Edu

When you do a Debian Edu installation, you have a few options to choose from. Don’t be afraid; there aren’t many. We

have done a good job of hiding the complexity of Debian during the installation and beyond. However, Debian Edu is

Debian, and if you want there are more than 57,000 packages to choose from and a billion conguration options. For the

majority of our users, our defaults should be ne. Please note: if LTSP is intended to be used, choose a lightweight desktop

environment.

6.4.1 Main server installation scenarios

A. Typical school or home network with Internet access through a router providing DHCP:

• Installation of a main server is possible, but after reboot there will be no internet access (due to primary network

interface IP 10.0.2.2/8).

• See the Internet router chapter for details how to set up a gateway if it is not possible to congure an existing one

as needed.

• Connect all components like shown in the architecture chapter.

• The main server should have Internet connection once bootet the rst time in the correct environment.

B. Typical school or institution network, similar to the one above, but with proxy use required.

• Add ’debian-edu-expert’ to the kernel command line; see further below for details how this is done.

• Some additional questions must be answered, the proxy server related one included.

C. Network with router/gateway IP 10.0.0.1/8 (which does not provide a DHCP server) and Internet access:

• As soon as the automatic network conguration fails (due to missing DHCP), choose manual network conguration.

Debian Edu / Skolelinux Buster 10+edu0 Manual 11 / 101

– Enter 10.0.2.2/8 as host IP

– Enter 10.0.0.1 as gateway IP

– Enter 8.8.8.8 as nameserver IP unless you know better

• The main server should just work after the rst boot.

D. Oine (no Internet connection):

• Use the BD ISO image.

• Make sure all (real/virtual) network cables are unplugged.

• Choose ’Do not congure the network at this time’ (after DHCP failed to congure the network and you pressed

’Continue’).

• Update the system once bootet the rst time in the correct environment with Internet access.

6.4.2 Desktop choice

• KDE and GNOME both have good language support, but too big a footprint for both older computers and for LTSP

clients.

• MATE is lighter than the two above, but is missing good language support for several countries.

• LXDE has the smallest footprint and supports 35 languages.

• LXQt is a lightweight desktop (language support similar to LXDE) with a more modern look and feel (based on Qt just

like KDE).

• Xfce has a slightly bigger footprint than LXDE but a very good language support (106 languages).

Debian Edu as an international project has chosen to use Xfce as the default desktop; see below how to set a dierent one.

6.4.3 Modular installation

• When installing a system with prole Workstation included, a lot of education related programs are installed. To install

only the basic prole, remove the desktop=xxxx kernel command line param before starting the installation; see further

below for details how this is done. This allows one to install a site specic system and could be used to speed up test

installations.

• Please note: If you want to install a desktop afterwards, don’t use the Debian Edu meta-packages like e.g. education-

desktop-mate because these would pull in all education related programs; rather install e.g. task-mate-desktop instead.

One or more of the new school level related meta-packages education-preschool, education-primaryschool, education-

secondaryschool, education-highschool could be installed to match the use case.

• For details about Debian Edu meta-packages, see the Debian Edu packages overview page.

6.4.4 Installation types and options

Installer boot menu on 64-bit Hardware

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