Apodized silicon photonic grating couplers for
mode-order conversion
IOSIF DEMIRTZIOGLOU,* COSIMO LACAVA,ABDUL SHAKOOR,ALI KHOKHAR,YONGMIN JUNG,
D
AVID J. THOMSON, AND PERIKLIS PETROPOULOS
Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
*Corresponding author: I.Demirtzioglou@soton.ac.uk
Received 29 April 2019; revised 25 June 2019; accepted 8 July 2019; posted 9 July 2019 (Doc. ID 365850); published 14 August 2019
An out-of-plan e silicon grating coupler capable of mode-order conversion at the chip–fiber interface is designed
and fabricated. Optimization of the structure is performed through finite-difference time-doma in simulations,
and the final device is characterized through far-field profile and transmission measurements. A coupling loss of
3.1 dB to a commercial two-mode fiber is measured for a single TE
0
→ LP
11
mode conversion grating, which
includes a conversion penalty of 1.3 dB. Far-field patterns of the excited LP
11
mode profile are also reported.
Published by Chinese Laser Press under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Further distribution of this work
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https://doi.org/10.1364/PRJ.7.001036
1. INTRODUCTION
The increasing demand for capacity in modern networks has
brought space-division multiplexing (SDM) to the forefront
of current research on optical communications [1,2]. Among
the different implem entations of SDM, the use of multi-mode
fibers has emerged as a highly attractive solution to augment the
amount of information carried by a single fiber by means of
allocating distinct data streams to different modes [3]. In
the meantime, silicon photonics is widely used in communica-
tions applications, offering a cost-effective route to the imple-
mentation of high-performance integrated devices. The
introduction of two basic building blocks is essential in appli-
cations that require the combination of silicon photonics with
few-mode fiber (FMF) technology: an efficient FMF-to-silicon-
on-insulator (SOI) interface and an integrated mode multi-
plexer. Of these, FMF-to-SOI interfaces can be realized by
means of an appropriately large grating coupler as shown in
Refs. [4,5]. Mode multiplexing on a purely integrated level
has also been reported through either the use of multimode
waveguides [6–8] or a technique that transfers part of the mode
conversion operation to the waveguide-fiber interface using
electro-optic phase shifters and multiple small-scale gratings ap-
propriately positioned to illuminate dif ferent spots of the com-
paratively larger FMF cross section and thus excite higher-order
linearly polarized (LP) modes [9–12].
Mode-order conversion represents the fundamental func-
tionality required for such mode multiplexers. In this paper,
we report the design and characterization of the first, to our
knowledge, fabricated grating coupler capable of converting
the TE
0
waveguide mode to the LP
11
mode of a two-mode
fiber solely owing to its pattern design, with no additional phase
shifter components [13]. This design approach implements the
mode conversion functionality entirely at the FMF-to-SOI
coupling stage and focuses on optimizing the efficiency of
the conversion process as well as the coupling efficiency. A sim-
ilar design route was discussed through simulations in Ref. [14],
though no experimental verification was presented. For the
grating pattern described in this paper, the design strategy
and simulation results are first presented, with a discussion
on the coupling efficiency and the conversion penalty. We then
discuss the experimental results obtained by characterizing the
fabricated SOI devices.
2. DESIGN AND SIMULATION
The operation of out-of-plane grating couplers (GCs) relies on
phase matching between the waves propagating in the wave-
guide and those propagating in the coupled fiber (Fig. 1).
The couplers comprise an array of individual scatterers arranged
in a way to ensure that the phase characteristics of an in-plane
wave are modified to produce an out-scattered wave propagat-
ing at an angle. The scatterer distribution on the chip plane
is determined by the phase-matching condition, which is
described by the equation ϕ
mode,waveguide
x, zϕ
mode,fiber
x, z, where ϕ
mode,fiber
x, z and ϕ
mode,waveguide
x, z express
the spatial phase distributions of the fiber mode and the in-
plane mode propagating along the grating part of the wave-
guide, respectively, for the area spanning the surface of the
silicon chip (the x − z plane in Fig. 1). A structure that incor-
porates an additional mode-order conversion operation satisfies
the same principle, with the phase functions corresponding to
1036
Vol. 7, No. 9 / September 2019 / Photonics Research
Research Article
2327-9125/19/091036-06 Journal © 2019 Chinese Laser Press