逐步构建Spring MVC应用：从基础到高级

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本篇文章主要介绍了如何逐步开发一个基于Spring框架的MVC应用程序，适合初学者入门。版本为2.5，版权由Thomas Risberg、Rick Evans和Portia Tung所有，允许个人复制并分发，但必须保留版权声明，且不得收费。 **1. 项目概述** 文章首先提供了一个简要的概述，介绍将要构建的Spring MVC应用的基本构成和学习目标，包括了后续章节的主要内容，如设置环境、创建项目结构、部署到Tomcat服务器等。 **2. 需要的软件** - 确保已安装Java Development Kit (JDK) 和 Apache Tomcat Web服务器。 - 安装Spring Framework，版本2.5，可以从官方网站下载。 **3. 构建的应用示例** 应用的核心是遵循Spring MVC架构，步骤如下： **1.1 创建项目目录结构** - 在本地创建一个项目目录，包含src/main/java（存放Java代码）、src/main/webapp（存放HTML、JSP和CSS等资源）和WEB-INF（存放配置文件）。 **1.2 创建'index.jsp'** - 在webapp目录下创建基本的欢迎页面(index.jsp)，展示应用程序的基本布局。 **1.3 部署到Tomcat** - 将项目打包成war文件，并部署到Tomcat服务器，确保可以访问应用。 **1.4 检查应用工作** - 测试应用是否能正常运行，通过浏览器访问查看页面是否加载正确。 **1.5 Spring Framework的引入** - 下载Spring Framework库，将其添加到项目的WEB-INF/lib目录下。 **1.6 修改'web.xml'** - 在WEB-INF目录下，编辑web.xml配置文件，声明Spring MVC的Servlet和监听器。 **1.7 创建Controller** - 在src/main/java中创建Controller类，处理HTTP请求与响应。 **1.8 编写Controller测试** - 为Controller编写单元测试，确保其功能正确。 **1.9 创建View** - 创建视图层，通常是JSP文件，用于渲染数据。 **1.10 编译并部署** - 使用构建工具（如Maven或Gradle）编译项目，然后重新部署到Tomcat。 **1.11 应用体验** - 通过浏览器尝试使用新功能，观察页面与Controller交互的效果。 **1.12 总结** - 这部分总结了前面步骤，强调了整个开发过程中的关键点，以及后续可能需要调整的配置和优化。 **2. 开发和配置视图与Controller** - 学习如何配置JSP和JavaScript，以及添加JSP头部文件来增强用户体验。 - 改进Controller逻辑，使其能够更好地与视图交互，实现更复杂的业务逻辑。通过这个详细的指南，读者将系统地学习如何在Spring框架下构建一个基本的MVC应用，掌握核心组件的集成和配置方法。

[list] OK - Listed applications for virtual host localhost

[list] /springapp:running:0:springapp

[list] /manager:running:0:manager

[list] /:running:0:ROOT

[list] /docs:running:0:docs

[list] /examples:running:0:examples

[list] /host-manager:running:0:host-manager

BUILD SUCCESSFUL

Total time: 3 seconds

You can now open up a browser and navigate to the starting page of our application at the following URL:

http://localhost:8080/springapp/index.jsp.

The application's starting page

1.5. Download the Spring Framework

If you have not already downloaded the Spring Framework, now is the time to do so. We are currently using the

'Spring Framework 2.5' release that can be downloaded from http://www.springframework.org/download.

Unzip this file somewhere as we are going to use several files from this download later on.

This completes the setup of the environment that is necessary, and now we can start actually developing our

Spring Framework MVC application.

1.6. Modify 'web.xml' in the 'WEB-INF' directory

Basic Application and Environment Setup

Spring Framework (2.5) 6

Go to the 'springapp/war/WEB-INF' directory. Modify the minimal 'web.xml' file that we created earlier. We

will define a DispatcherServlet (also known as a 'Front Controller' (Crupi et al)). It is going to control

where all our requests are routed based on information we will enter at a later point. This servlet definition also

has an attendant <servlet-mapping/> entry that maps to the URL patterns that we will be using. We have

decided to let any URL with an '.htm' extension be routed to the 'springapp' servlet (the

DispatcherServlet).

'springapp/war/WEB-INF/web.xml':

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<web-app version="2.4"

xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee"

xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"

xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee

http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee/web-app_2_4.xsd" >

<servlet-name>springapp</servlet-name>

<servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>

<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>

</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>

<servlet-name>springapp</servlet-name>

<url-pattern>*.htm</url-pattern>

</servlet-mapping>

<welcome-file-list>

<welcome-file>

index.jsp

</welcome-file>

</welcome-file-list>

</web-app>

Next, create a file called 'springapp-servlet.xml' in the 'springapp/war/WEB-INF' directory. This file

contains the bean definitions (plain old Java objects) used by the DispatcherServlet. It is the

WebApplicationContext where all web-related components go. The name of this file is determined by the

value of the <servlet-name/> element from the 'web.xml', with '-servlet' appended to it (hence

'springapp-servlet.xml'). This is the standard naming convention used with Spring's Web MVC framework.

Now, add a bean entry named '/hello.htm' and specify the class as springapp.web.HelloController. This

defines the controller that our application will be using to service a request with the corresponding URL

mapping of '/hello.htm'. The Spring Web MVC framework uses an implementation class of the interface

called HandlerMapping to define the mapping between a request URL and the object that is going to handle that

request (the handler). Unlike the DispatcherServlet, the HelloController is responsible for handling a

request for a particular page of the website and is also known as a 'Page Controller' (Fowler). The default

HandlerMapping that the DispatcherServlet uses is the BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping; this class will use the

bean name to map to the URL in the request so that the DispatcherServlet knows which controller must be

invoked for handling different URLs.

'springapp/war/WEB-INF/springapp-servlet.xml':

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"

xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"

xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans

http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd">

</beans>

Basic Application and Environment Setup

Spring Framework (2.5) 7

1.7. Copy libraries to 'WEB-INF/lib'

First create a 'lib' directory in the 'war/WEB-INF' directory. Then, from the Spring distribution, copy

spring.jar (from spring-framework-2.5/dist) and spring-webmvc.jar (from

spring-framework-2.5/dist/modules) to the new 'war/WEB-INF/lib' directory. Also, copy

commons-logging.jar (from spring-framework-2.5/lib/jakarta-commons) to the 'war/WEB-INF/lib'

directory. These jars will be deployed to the server and they are also used during the build process.

1.8. Create the Controller

Create your Controller class – we are naming it HelloController, and it is defined in the 'springapp.web'

package. First we create the package directories and then we create the 'HelloController.java' file and place

it in the 'src/springapp/web' directory.

'springapp/src/springapp/web/HelloController.java':

package springapp.web;

import org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.Controller;

import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;

import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;

import java.io.IOException;

public class HelloController implements Controller {

protected final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(getClass());

public ModelAndView handleRequest(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)

throws ServletException, IOException {

logger.info("Returning hello view");

return new ModelAndView("hello.jsp");

}

This is a very basic Controller implementation. We will be expanding this later on as well as extending some

of the base controller implementations provided by Spring. In Spring Web MVC, the Controller handles the

request and returns a ModelAndView - in this case, one named 'hello.jsp' which is also the name of the JSP

file we will create next. The model that this class returns is actually resolved via a ViewResolver. Since we

have not explicitly defined a ViewResolver, we are going to be given a default one by Spring that simply

forwards to a URL matching the name of the view specified. We will modify this later on. We have also

specified a logger so we can verify that we actually got into the handler. Using Tomcat, these log messages

should show up in the 'catalina.out' log file which can be found in the '${appserver.home}/log' directory

of your Tomcat installation.

If you are using an IDE, you will want to configure your project's build path by adding the jars from the 'lib'

directory. You will also want to add servlet-api.jar from your servlet container's 'lib' directory

('${appserver.lib}'). Adding these to your build path should successfully resolve all the import statements in

the 'HelloController.java' file.

Basic Application and Environment Setup

Spring Framework (2.5) 8

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