Oracle 11g SQL语言参考手册：全面指南

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Oracle Database SQL Language Reference 11g Release 1（11.1）是Oracle数据库的关键文档，专为所有使用Oracle SQL的用户提供详尽的参考。该版本发布于2008年9月，版权属于Oracle公司，享有1996年和2008年的权利保护。主要作者是Diana Lorentz，她对本书的编写做出了巨大贡献。这本书的核心内容涵盖了Oracle 11g数据库的SQL语言特性，包括但不限于查询语法、数据操纵、数据定义、数据控制、事务处理、存储过程、函数、索引、视图以及其他高级特性。它不仅适合初学者理解基础概念，也是经验丰富的数据库管理员和开发人员不可或缺的工具，因为它提供了深入的技术细节和最佳实践。书中特别感谢了Bob Jenkins，他无私地回答了许多问题，甚至有的问题被反复解答，体现了社区的支持和共享精神。此外，还有众多贡献者如Drew Adams、Nippun Agarwal、Shashaanka Agarwal等，他们在各自的专业领域为本书增添了丰富的专业知识。 Oracle 11g SQL语言参考手册强调了SQL语言在数据库管理中的核心地位，如何通过其灵活而强大的功能进行高效的数据操作、查询优化以及数据安全性管理。书中涵盖了SQL语句的正确使用，如何编写高效的SQL查询，以及如何利用SQL与PL/SQL（Procedural Language/SQL）的结合来实现更复杂的业务逻辑。对于那些想要进一步提升在Oracle 11g环境中编程和管理能力的读者，这本书提供了大量的示例、实战指南和性能优化建议。无论是初次接触Oracle的用户，还是需要更新知识库的专业人士，都能从中受益匪浅。 Oracle Database SQL Language Reference 11g Release 1是一本不可或缺的数据库管理和开发教材，它全面、深入地讲解了SQL语言在Oracle 11g环境中的应用，对于理解和掌握Oracle数据库技术具有重要的参考价值。

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Sorting Query Results ......................................................................................................................... 9-10

Joins ......................................................................................................................................................... 9-10

Join Conditions ............................................................................................................................... 9-10

Equijoins .......................................................................................................................................... 9-11

Self Joins .......................................................................................................................................... 9-11

Cartesian Products ......................................................................................................................... 9-11

Inner Joins ....................................................................................................................................... 9-11

Outer Joins ....................................................................................................................................... 9-12

Antijoins .......................................................................................................................................... 9-13

Semijoins .......................................................................................................................................... 9-13

Using Subqueries ................................................................................................................................. 9-13

Unnesting of Nested Subqueries ...................................................................................................... 9-15

Selecting from the DUAL Table ........................................................................................................ 9-15

Distributed Queries ............................................................................................................................. 9-15

10 SQL Statements: ALTER CLUSTER to ALTER JAVA

Types of SQL Statements .................................................................................................................... 10-1

Data Definition Language (DDL) Statements ............................................................................ 10-1

Data Manipulation Language (DML) Statements ..................................................................... 10-2

Transaction Control Statements ................................................................................................... 10-3

Session Control Statements ........................................................................................................... 10-3

System Control Statement ............................................................................................................. 10-3

Embedded SQL Statements .......................................................................................................... 10-3

How the SQL Statement Chapters are Organized ......................................................................... 10-4

ALTER CLUSTER ................................................................................................................................. 10-5

ALTER DATABASE ............................................................................................................................. 10-9

ALTER DIMENSION ........................................................................................................................ 10-44

ALTER DISKGROUP ........................................................................................................................ 10-47

ALTER FLASHBACK ARCHIVE .................................................................................................... 10-62

ALTER FUNCTION ........................................................................................................................... 10-65

ALTER INDEX .................................................................................................................................... 10-66

ALTER INDEXTYPE .......................................................................................................................... 10-85

ALTER JAVA ........................................................................................................................................ 10-88

11 SQL Statements: ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW to ALTER SYSTEM

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW ........................................................................................................ 11-2

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ............................................................................................ 11-16

ALTER OPERATOR ........................................................................................................................... 11-22

ALTER OUTLINE ............................................................................................................................... 11-25

ALTER PACKAGE ............................................................................................................................. 11-27

ALTER PROCEDURE ........................................................................................................................ 11-28

ALTER PROFILE ................................................................................................................................ 11-29

ALTER RESOURCE COST ............................................................................................................... 11-32

ALTER ROLE ....................................................................................................................................... 11-35

ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT ..................................................................................................... 11-37

ALTER SEQUENCE ........................................................................................................................... 11-40

ALTER SESSION ................................................................................................................................ 11-42

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Initialization Parameters and ALTER SESSION....................................................................... 11-47

Session Parameters and ALTER SESSION ............................................................................... 11-48

ALTER SYSTEM ................................................................................................................................. 11-55

12 SQL Statements: ALTER TABLE to ALTER TABLESPACE

ALTER TABLE ....................................................................................................................................... 12-2

ALTER TABLESPACE ........................................................................................................................ 12-87

13 SQL Statements: ALTER TRIGGER to COMMIT

ALTER TRIGGER ................................................................................................................................. 13-2

ALTER TYPE ......................................................................................................................................... 13-4

ALTER USER ......................................................................................................................................... 13-5

ALTER VIEW ....................................................................................................................................... 13-12

ANALYZE ............................................................................................................................................ 13-14

ASSOCIATE STATISTICS ................................................................................................................ 13-22

AUDIT .................................................................................................................................................. 13-26

CALL ..................................................................................................................................................... 13-39

COMMENT ......................................................................................................................................... 13-43

COMMIT ............................................................................................................................................. 13-46

14 SQL Statements: CREATE CLUSTER to CREATE JAVA

CREATE CLUSTER .............................................................................................................................. 14-2

CREATE CONTEXT ............................................................................................................................. 14-9

CREATE CONTROLFILE ................................................................................................................. 14-12

CREATE DATABASE ......................................................................................................................... 14-19

CREATE DATABASE LINK ............................................................................................................. 14-32

CREATE DIMENSION ..................................................................................................................... 14-37

CREATE DIRECTORY ...................................................................................................................... 14-43

CREATE DISKGROUP ..................................................................................................................... 14-45

CREATE FLASHBACK ARCHIVE ................................................................................................. 14-50

CREATE FUNCTION ........................................................................................................................ 14-53

CREATE INDEX ................................................................................................................................. 14-55

CREATE INDEXTYPE ....................................................................................................................... 14-80

CREATE JAVA ..................................................................................................................................... 14-83

15 SQL Statements: CREATE LIBRARY to CREATE SPFILE

CREATE LIBRARY ............................................................................................................................... 15-2

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW ..................................................................................................... 15-4

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ......................................................................................... 15-26

CREATE OPERATOR ........................................................................................................................ 15-33

CREATE OUTLINE ............................................................................................................................ 15-36

CREATE PACKAGE ........................................................................................................................... 15-40

CREATE PACKAGE BODY .............................................................................................................. 15-42

CREATE PFILE .................................................................................................................................... 15-44

CREATE PROCEDURE ..................................................................................................................... 15-46

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CREATE PROFILE ............................................................................................................................. 15-48

CREATE RESTORE POINT ............................................................................................................. 15-54

CREATE ROLE .................................................................................................................................... 15-57

CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT .................................................................................................. 15-60

CREATE SCHEMA ............................................................................................................................. 15-63

CREATE SEQUENCE ........................................................................................................................ 15-65

CREATE SPFILE ................................................................................................................................. 15-69

16 SQL Statements: CREATE SYNONYM to CREATE TRIGGER

CREATE SYNONYM ........................................................................................................................... 16-2

CREATE TABLE .................................................................................................................................... 16-6

CREATE TABLESPACE ..................................................................................................................... 16-76

CREATE TRIGGER ............................................................................................................................ 16-91

17 SQL Statements: CREATE TYPE to DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT

CREATE TYPE ....................................................................................................................................... 17-3

CREATE TYPE BODY .......................................................................................................................... 17-5

CREATE USER ...................................................................................................................................... 17-7

CREATE VIEW .................................................................................................................................... 17-14

DELETE ................................................................................................................................................ 17-25

DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS ........................................................................................................ 17-33

DROP CLUSTER ................................................................................................................................ 17-35

DROP CONTEXT ............................................................................................................................... 17-37

DROP DATABASE ............................................................................................................................. 17-38

DROP DATABASE LINK ................................................................................................................. 17-39

DROP DIMENSION .......................................................................................................................... 17-40

DROP DIRECTORY .......................................................................................................................... 17-41

DROP DISKGROUP ......................................................................................................................... 17-42

DROP FLASHBACK ARCHIVE ..................................................................................................... 17-44

DROP FUNCTION ............................................................................................................................ 17-45

DROP INDEX....................................................................................................................................... 17-47

DROP INDEXTYPE ........................................................................................................................... 17-49

D R O P J AVA ......................................................................................................................................... 17-50

DROP LIBRARY ................................................................................................................................. 17-51

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW........................................................................................................ 17-52

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG ............................................................................................. 17-54

DROP OPERATOR ............................................................................................................................ 17-56

DROP OUTLINE ................................................................................................................................ 17-57

DROP PACKAGE ............................................................................................................................... 17-59

DROP PROCEDURE ......................................................................................................................... 17-61

DROP PROFILE .................................................................................................................................. 17-62

DROP RESTORE POINT ................................................................................................................. 17-63

DROP ROLE ........................................................................................................................................ 17-64

DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT ...................................................................................................... 17-65

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SQL Statements: DROP SEQUENCE to ROLLBACK

DROP SEQUENCE .............................................................................................................................. 18-2

DROP SYNONYM ............................................................................................................................... 18-3

DROP TABLE ........................................................................................................................................ 18-5

DROP TABLESPACE ........................................................................................................................... 18-9

DROP TRIGGER................................................................................................................................. 18-12

DROP TYPE ......................................................................................................................................... 18-13

DROP TYPE BODY ............................................................................................................................ 18-15

DROP USER ........................................................................................................................................ 18-16

DROP VIEW ........................................................................................................................................ 18-18

EXPLAIN PLAN .................................................................................................................................. 18-20

FLASHBACK DATABASE ................................................................................................................ 18-24

FLASHBACK TABLE ......................................................................................................................... 18-27

GRANT ................................................................................................................................................. 18-33

INSERT ................................................................................................................................................. 18-54

LOCK TABLE ...................................................................................................................................... 18-72

MERGE ................................................................................................................................................. 18-75

NOAUDIT ............................................................................................................................................ 18-80

PURGE .................................................................................................................................................. 18-84

RENAME .............................................................................................................................................. 18-86

REVOKE ............................................................................................................................................... 18-88

ROLLBACK ......................................................................................................................................... 18-96

19 SQL Statements: SAVEPOINT to UPDATE

SAVEPOINT .......................................................................................................................................... 19-2

SELECT ................................................................................................................................................... 19-4

SET CONSTRAINT[S] ...................................................................................................................... 19-53

SET ROLE ............................................................................................................................................ 19-55

SET TRANSACTION ........................................................................................................................ 19-57

TRUNCATE CLUSTER ..................................................................................................................... 19-60

TRUNCATE TABLE ........................................................................................................................... 19-62

UPDATE ............................................................................................................................................... 19-66

A How to Read Syntax Diagrams

Graphic Syntax Diagrams...................................................................................................................... A-1

Required Keywords and Parameters ............................................................................................ A-2

Optional Keywords and Parameters ............................................................................................. A-3

Syntax Loops...................................................................................................................................... A-3

Multipart Diagrams ......................................................................................................................... A-4

Database Objects .............................................................................................................................. A-4

B Oracle and Standard SQL

ANSI Standards ...................................................................................................................................... B-1

ISO Standards .......................................................................................................................................... B-2

Oracle Compliance To Core SQL:2003................................................................................................. B-3

Oracle Support for Optional Features of SQL/Foundation:2003.................................................... B-8

Oracle Compliance with SQL/CLI:2003 ............................................................................................ B-19

Oracle Compliance with SQL/PSM:2003 .......................................................................................... B-19

Oracle Compliance with SQL/MED:2003 ......................................................................................... B-19

Oracle Compliance with SQL/OLB:2003........................................................................................... B-19

Oracle Compliance with SQL/XML:2006.......................................................................................... B-19

Oracle Compliance with FIPS 127-2 ................................................................................................. B-26

Oracle Extensions to Standard SQL .................................................................................................. B-28

Oracle Compliance with Older Standards ...................................................................................... B-28

Character Set Support........................................................................................................................... B-28

C Oracle Regular Expression Support

Multilingual Regular Expression Syntax .......................................................................................... C-1

Regular Expression Operator Multilingual Enhancements............................................................ C-2

Perl-influenced Extensions in Oracle Regular Expressions ........................................................... C-3

D Oracle Database Reserved Words

E Extended Examples

Using Extensible Indexing ................................................................................................................... E-1

Using XML in SQL Statements ............................................................................................................ E-8

Index

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