Windows NDIS 6.0 接收侧扩展：RSS技术详解

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标题：Windows NDIS RSS：实现可扩展网络接收处理的革新 Windows NDIS（Network Driver Interface Specification）技术自诞生以来，一直在推动着网络驱动器接口的发展，尤其是在处理数据包接收方面。本文档关注的是NDIS 6.0中引入的一项创新技术——Receive-Side Scaling（RSS）。RSS旨在解决Windows操作系统中传统接收到数据包的处理瓶颈问题，使得接收处理能力随着计算机处理器数量的增加而线性扩展。在Windows操作系统代号为“Longhorn”的下一个版本中，RSS技术被广泛应用，其目标是提高网络性能和吞吐量，特别是对于多核处理器环境。该技术的重要性在于它能够显著提升网络驱动程序的效率，减少CPU间的竞争，从而释放更多资源进行其他计算任务。在NDIS 5.1之前，驱动程序的接收处理机制存在一定的局限性，可能在高负载下导致性能瓶颈。相比之下，NDIS 6.0的RSS技术通过优化数据包的接收、分发和处理流程，实现了更高效的接收侧处理。RSS算法的核心思想是将一个数据包分解成多个小的数据段，每个处理器核心可以独立处理这些小段，降低了单个处理器的压力，提高了整体接收性能。与传统接收处理方式相比，RSS的优势主要体现在以下几个方面： 1. **负载均衡**：RSS可以根据处理器核心的数量和性能动态分配接收任务，避免了单点故障可能导致的性能下降。 2. **硬件利用**：利用多核处理器的并行处理能力，最大化硬件资源，提高网络带宽利用率。 3. **延迟降低**：由于处理任务分散，数据包的接收和处理时间通常会缩短，从而降低数据传输的时延。 4. **可靠性增强**：如果一个处理器出现故障，其他处理器仍然能继续处理，提高了系统的鲁棒性。为了实现RSS，驱动程序开发者需要遵循特定的初始化流程，包括选择适当的RSS策略、配置接收队列和数据包分段等步骤。这涉及到对NDIS 6.0框架的深入理解和优化，以确保驱动程序能在各种网络环境下正常工作并提供最佳性能。这篇预览文档详细介绍了RSS技术在NDIS 6.0中的实现和应用，并且指出，对于想要开发兼容Longhorn操作系统的驱动程序的开发者，应当参考“Networking Devices and Protocols: Preliminary Network Documentation: NDIS 6.0”部分的内容。最新的文档更新和维护地址位于微软官方网站<http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/Contents>。 Windows NDIS RSS技术是一项革命性的变化，对于提升网络设备的性能和适应现代多核处理器架构具有重大意义，是驱动程序开发人员不可忽视的关键知识点。

Scalable Networking: Eliminating the Receive Processing Bottleneck—Introducing RSS - 4

In addition, current Intel Pentium 4 and Itanium-based systems route all interrupts

from a single device to one specific processor, which results in a similar lack of

parallelism. Consequently, scaling issues will increase because one CPU handles

all device interrupts.

NDIS 6.0 RSS Advantages

NDIS 6.0 resolves single-CPU processing issues by implementing Receive-Side

Scaling (RSS). RSS is a Microsoft Scalable Networking initiative technology that

enables receive processing to be balanced across multiple processors in the

system while maintaining in-order delivery of the data. RSS enables parallel DPCs

and, if the computer and network adapter support it, multiple interrupts.

RSS provides the following benefits:

 Parallel Execution. Receive packets from a single network adapter can be

processed concurrently on multiple CPUs, while preserving in-order delivery.

 Dynamic Load Balancing. As system load on the host varies, RSS will

rebalance the network processing load between the processors.

 Cache Locality. Because packets from a single connection are always

mapped to a specific processor, state for a particular connection never has to

move from one processor’s cache to another processor’s cache, thereby

eliminating cache thrashing and also promoting improved performance.

 Send Side Scaling. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is often limited

as to how much data it can send to the remote peer. The reasons can include the

TCP congestion window, the size of the advertised receive window, or TCP slow-

start. When an application tries to send a buffer larger than the size of the

advertised receive window, TCP sends part of the data and then waits for an

acknowledgment before sending the balance of the data. When the TCP

acknowledgement arrives, additional data is sent in the context of the DPC in

which the acknowledgement is indicated. Thus, scaled receive processing can

also result in scaled transmit processing.

 Secure Hash. The default generated RSS signature is cryptographically

secure, making it much more difficult for malicious remote hosts to force the

system into an unbalanced state.

Receive-Side Scaling (RSS) Algorithm

This section defines the RSS algorithm and contrasts it with the current NDIS 5.1

packet processing algorithm. In general, RSS enables packets from a single

network adapter to be processed in parallel on multiple CPUs while preserving in-

order delivery to TCP connections.

NDIS 6.0 RSS vs. Current Receive Processing

The current NDIS 5.1 architecture for processing incoming packets, supported by

the Microsoft Windows Server™ 2003 operating system, is typically implemented by

a network adapter vendor by leveraging a receive descriptor queue between the

network adapter and the miniport adapter to pass per-packet information. The

packets are processed in the following sequence:

1. At the network adapter, as packets arrive off the wire, the packet contents

are transferred into host memory using Direct Memory Access (DMA), and

a receive descriptor is transferred into the receive descriptor queue (again

through DMA). An interrupt will eventually be posted to the host to indicate

that new data is present. Exactly when the interrupt fires depends on the

vendor’s interrupt moderation scheme.

WinHEC 2004 Version – April 14, 2004

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