OpenGL ES 2.0编程指南：移动设备3D图形渲染

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"OpenGL ES 2.0 Programming Guide 是一本由Aaftab Munshi、Dan Ginsburg和Dave Shreiner合著的专业书籍，详细介绍了如何在手持和嵌入式设备上利用OpenGL ES 2.0进行高效3D图形渲染。这本书针对移动开发者和图形程序员提供了全面的指导，帮助他们理解和利用OpenGL ES 2.0接口，特别是在性能要求高的应用中。" 本书深入讲解了OpenGL ES 2.0中的关键概念和技术，包括： 1. **着色器**：书中详细阐述了如何创建和管理着色器对象，以及编译和链接着色器程序。它涵盖了检查编译错误和将着色器对象附加到程序对象的过程。 2. **OpenGL ES着色语言**：涵盖了变量、类型、构造函数、结构体、数组、属性、统一变量、可变变量、精度限定符和不变性等基本概念，这些都是编写高效着色器程序的基础。 3. **几何输入与图元组装**：讨论了如何将几何数据输入图形管线并组合成基本图元，如点、线和三角形，这是构建3D场景的基础。 4. **顶点着色器**：详细介绍了顶点着色器的特殊变量和用途，包括顶点光照、皮肤ning和其他应用，这些允许对每个顶点进行独立处理。 5. **片段着色器**：通过实例展示了如何使用片段着色器，如多纹理、雾效、alpha测试和用户剪切平面，这些是实现复杂视觉效果的关键。 6. **片段操作**：涵盖了诸如剪切测试、模板测试、深度测试、多重采样、混合和抖动等后处理步骤，它们决定了最终像素的颜色和可见性。 7. **高级渲染技术**：包括了使用正常贴图的逐像素光照、环境映射、粒子系统、图像后处理和投影纹理等高级渲染技巧，这些技术能增强3D场景的真实感和动态性。 8. **实际编程挑战**：讨论了平台多样性、C++的可移植性、OpenKODE框架以及针对特定平台的着色器二进制文件处理，这些内容对于开发跨平台应用至关重要。书中的代码示例基于C语言，可以帮助读者直观地理解各种概念，并能在实际项目中应用。通过这本书，读者可以逐步掌握OpenGL ES 2.0的全貌，从基础到高级技术，从而在手持和嵌入式设备上实现令人印象深刻的3D图形效果。

List of Examples

Example 1-1 A Vertex Shader Example....................................................... 6

Example 1-2 A Fragment Shader Example..................................................9

Example 2-1 Hello Triangle Example .......................................................21

Example 3-1 Initializing EGL ....................................................................36

Example 3-2 Specifying EGL Attributes .................................................... 42

Example 3-3 Querying EGL Surface Configurations ................................42

Example 3-4 Creating an EGL Window Surface ....................................... 45

Example 3-5 Creating an EGL Pixel Buffer ............................................... 48

Example 3-6 Creating an EGL Context .................................................... 51

Example 3-7 A Complete Routine for Creating an EGL Window ............52

Example 3-8 Creating a Window Using the ESutil Library....................54

Example 4-1 Loading a Shader..................................................................61

Example 4-2 Create, Attach Shaders to, and Link a Program................... 66

Example 4-3 Querying for Active Uniforms ............................................71

Example 4-4 Querying for Whether a Shader Compiler is Available .......74

Example 5-1 Sample Vertex Shader .......................................................... 90

Example 5-2 Vertex and Fragment Shader with Matching Varying

Declarations ......................................................................... 91

Example 6-1 Array of Structures ............................................................. 105

Example 6-2 Structure of Arrays ............................................................. 106

Example 6-3 Using Constant and Vertex Array Attributes.....................109

Example 6-4 Creating and Binding Vertex Buffer Objects ..................... 116

Example 6-5 Drawing with and without Vertex Buffer Objects.............120

Example 6-6 Drawing with a Buffer Object per Attribute ......................122

Example 8-1 A Simple Vertex Shader .....................................................160

Example 8-2 Directional Light................................................................162

xvi List of Examples

Example 8-3 Spot Light........................................................................... 165

Example 8-4 Sphere Map Texture Coordinate Generation .................... 167

Example 8-5 Cube Map Texture Coordinate Generation....................... 167

Example 8-6 Vertex Skinning Shader with No Check to

See If Matrix Weight = 0 .................................................... 169

Example 8-7 Vertex Skinning Shader with Checks to See

If Matrix Weight = 0 .......................................................... 171

Example 8-8 OpenGL ES 1.1 Fixed Function Vertex Pipeline................ 173

Example 9-1 Generating a Texture Object, Binding It, and

Loading Image Data........................................................... 187

Example 9-2 Loading a 2D Mipmap Chain............................................ 189

Example 9-3 Vertex and Fragment Shader for Performing

2D Texturing...................................................................... 196

Example 9-4 Loading a Cubemap Texture ............................................. 198

Example 9-5 Vertex and Fragment Shader Pair for Cubemap

Texturing ........................................................................... 200

Example 10-1 Multitexture Fragment Shader .......................................... 223

Example 10-2 Vertex Shader for Computing Distance to Eye ................. 225

Example 10-3 Fragment Shader for Rendering Linear Fog....................... 226

Example 10-4 Fragment Shader for Alpha Test Using Discard................. 228

Example 10-5 User Clip Plane Vertex Shader........................................... 230

Example 10-6 User Clip Plane Fragment Shader ..................................... 231

Example 12-1 Render to Texture .............................................................. 271

Example 12-2 Render to Depth Texture ................................................... 274

Example 13-1 Per-Fragment Lighting Vertex Shader ............................... 282

Example 13-2 Per-Fragment Lighting Fragment Shader........................... 283

Example 13-3 Environment Mapping Vertex Shader............................... 287

Example 13-4 Environment Mapping Fragment Shader.......................... 288

Example 13-5 Particle System Vertex Shader ........................................... 291

Example 13-6 Update Function for Particle System Sample .................... 292

Example 13-7 Particle System Fragment Shader....................................... 293

Example 13-8 Draw Function for Particle System Sample ....................... 294

Example 13-9 Blur Fragment Shader ........................................................ 297

Example 13-10 Projective Texturing Vertex Shader ................................... 304

Example 13-11 Projective Texturing Fragment Shader .............................. 306

xix

List of Tables

Table 1-1 EGL Data Types.................................................................... 14

Table 1-2 OpenGL ES Command Suffixes and Argument

Data Types............................................................................15

Table 1-3 OpenGL ES Basic Error Codes..............................................16

Table 3-1 EGLConfig Attributes...........................................................40

Table 3-2 Attributes for Window Creating Using

eglCreateWindowSurface..................................................44

Table 3-3 Possible Errors When eglCreateWindowSurface Fails ......45

Table 3-4 EGL Pixel Buffer Attributes ..................................................47

Table 3-5 Possible Errors When eglCreatePbufferSurface Fails ....48

Table 3-6 Attributes for Context Creation Using

eglCreateContext.............................................................. 51

Table 5-1 Data Types in the OpenGL ES Shading Language............... 78

Table 5-2 OpenGL ES Shading Language Operators ...........................84

Table 5-3 OpenGL ES Shading Language Qualifiers............................85

Table 5-4 Extension Behaviors.............................................................93

Table 6-1 Data Conversions...............................................................108

Table 6-2 Buffer Usage ....................................................................... 118

Table 9-1 Texture Base Formats .........................................................182

Table 9-2 Texture Wrap Modes..........................................................194

Table 9-3 Mapping of Texture Formats to Colors ............................. 198

Table 9-4 Valid Format Conversions for glCopyTex*Image2D......... 207

Table 10-1 OpenGL ES 1.1 RGB Combine Functions..........................217

Table 11-1 Fragment Test Enable Tokens ............................................239

Table 11-2 Stencil Operations.............................................................. 241

Table 11-3 Blending Functions............................................................247

Table 14-1 Implementation-Dependent State Queries........................325

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