Tkinter图形界面编程入门指南

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"An Introduction to Tkinter 是一份2005年更新的关于Tkinter的教程，涵盖了Tkinter的基础知识，包括事件与绑定、标准对话框、各种控件的使用等。该教程还提供了多个控件类的参考，如PhotoImage、BitmapImage、Button、Canvas、Entry、Checkbutton、Frame、Grid几何管理器、Label、Listbox等。" Tkinter是Python的标准GUI（图形用户界面）库，它允许开发者创建交互式的桌面应用程序。这篇教程详细介绍了Tkinter的各个方面，帮助初学者快速入门。 1. **什么是Tkinter**： Tkinter是Python的一个标准模块，它基于Tcl/Tk GUI工具包。Tkinter提供了一系列的控件和布局管理器，用于构建窗口应用，且无需了解Tcl/Tk的脚本语言。 2. **PhotoImage类**： PhotoImage类用于在Tkinter的标签、按钮、画布和文本部件中显示图像，支持灰度和真彩色图像。这个类使得Tkinter可以处理和显示各种格式的图片，增强了GUI应用的视觉效果。 3. **事件和绑定**： Tkinter中的事件和绑定是GUI编程的核心概念。通过绑定特定的函数或方法到控件的某个事件（如鼠标点击、键盘按键等），当事件发生时，关联的函数就会被调用，实现了用户的交互操作。 4. **标准对话框**： Tkinter提供了一些预定义的对话框，如消息框、文件选择对话框、颜色选择对话框等，这些对话框使得应用能与用户进行标准的交互。 5. **控件类参考**： - **Button**：用于创建具有特定功能的按钮。 - **Canvas**：一个可绘图的区域，可以绘制复杂的图形和动画。 - **Entry**：单行文本输入框，用户可以在此输入文字。 - **Checkbutton**：复选框，用户可以选择或取消选择。 - **Frame**：一个容器，用于组织和布局其他控件。 - **Grid**：一种布局管理器，将控件按照网格布局。 - **Label**：用于显示文本或图像的静态控件。 - **Listbox**：列表框，用户可以从列出的选项中选择一个或多个。 - **Labelframe**：带有边框和标签的框架，通常用来分隔和标识相关控件。 6. **Text Widget**：文本部件允许在窗口中显示多行文本，并且支持格式化和编辑操作，例如插入、删除、查找和替换文本。 7. **更多控件**：教程中还提到了其他更多的控件和功能，例如滑块、菜单、滚动条等，这些都极大地扩展了Tkinter的功能性和灵活性。《An Introduction to Tkinter》是一份详尽的Tkinter教程，无论是对于初学者还是有经验的开发者，都能从中获取丰富的知识和实践指导，掌握如何使用Tkinter创建高效、美观的GUI应用。

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The Tkinter Canvas Widget

http://effbot.org/tkinterbook/canvas.htm[2017/6/12 23:43:03]

bitmap (built-in or read from XBM file)

image (a BitmapImage or PhotoImage instance)

line

oval (a circle or an ellipse)

polygon

rectangle

text

window

Chords, pieslices, ovals, polygons, and rectangles consist of both an outline

and an interior area, either of which can be made transparent (and if you

insist, you can make both transparent).

Window items are used to place other Tkinter widgets on top of the canvas;

for these items, the Canvas widget simply acts like a geometry manager.

You can also write your own item types in C or C++ and plug them into

Tkinter via Python extension modules.

Coordinate Systems #

The Canvas widget uses two coordinate systems; the window coordinate

system (with (0, 0) in the upper left corner), and a canvas coordinate system

which specify where the items are drawn. By scrolling the canvas, you can

specify which part of the canvas coordinate system to show in the window.

The scrollregion option is used to limit scrolling operations for the canvas.

To set this, you can usually use something like:

canvas.config(scrollregion=canvas.bbox(ALL))

To convert from window coordinates to canvas coordinates, use the canvasx

and canvasy methods:

def callback(event):

canvas = event.widget

x = canvas.canvasx(event.x)

y = canvas.canvasy(event.y)

print canvas.find_closest(x, y)

Item Specifiers: Handles and Tags #

The Canvas widget allows you to identify items in several ways. Everywhere a

method expects an item specifier, you can use one of the following:

item handles (integers)

tags

ALL

CURRENT

Item handles are integer values used to identify a specific item on the

canvas. Tkinter automatically assigns a new handle to each new item created

on the canvas. Item handles can be passed to the various canvas methods

either as integers or as strings.

Tags are symbolic names attached to items. Tags are ordinary strings, and

they can contain anything except whitespace (as long as they don’t look like

item handles).

An item can have zero or more tags associated with it, and the same tag can be

used for more than one item. However, unlike the Text widget, the Canvas

The Tkinter Canvas Widget

http://effbot.org/tkinterbook/canvas.htm[2017/6/12 23:43:03]

widget doesn’t allow you to create bindings or otherwise configure tags for

which there are no existing items. Tags are owned by the items, not the widget

itself. All such operations are ignored.

You can either specify the tags via an option when you create the item, set

them via the itemconfig

method, or add them using the addtag_withtag

method. The tags option takes either a single tag string, or a tuple of strings.

item = canvas.create_line(0, 0, 100, 100, tags="uno")

canvas.itemconfig(item, tags=(

"one", "two"))

canvas.addtag_withtag(

"three", "one")

To get all tags associated with a specific item, use gettags. To get the handles

for all items having a given tag, use find_withtag.

>>> print canvas.gettags(item)

(

'one', 'two', 'three')

>>>

print canvas.find_withtag("one")

(1,)

The Canvas widget also provides two predefined tags:

ALL (or the string “all”) matches all items on the canvas.

CURRENT (or “current”) matches the item under the mouse pointer, if any.

This can be used inside mouse event bindings to refer to the item that

triggered the callback.

Printing #

The Tkinter widget supports printing to Postscript printers.

Performance Issues #

The Canvas widget implements a straight-forward damage/repair display

model. Changes to the canvas, and external events such as Expose, are all

treated as “damage” to the screen. The widget maintains a dirty rectangle to

keep track of the damaged area.

When the first damage event arrives, the canvas registers an idle task (using

after_idle) which is used to “repair” the canvas when the program gets back

to the Tkinter main loop. You can force updates by calling the

update_idletasks method.

When it’s time to redraw the canvas, the widget starts by allocating a pixmap

(on X windows, this is an image memory stored on the display) with the same

size as the dirty rectangle.

It then loops over the canvas items, and redraws all items for which the

bounding box touch the dirty rectangle (this means that diagonal lines may be

redrawn also if they don’t actually cover the rectangle, but this is usually no

big deal).

Finally, the widget copies the pixmap to the display, and releases the pixmap.

The copy operation is a very fast operation on most modern hardware.

Since the canvas uses a single dirty rectangle, you can sometimes get better

performance by forcing updates. For example, if you’re changing things in

different parts of the canvas without returning to the main loop, adding

explicit calls to update_idletasks() allows the canvas to update a few small

rectangles, instead of a large one with many more objects.

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Tkinter图形界面编程入门指南

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