LFS 6.8教程：从零构建Linux系统指南

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《Linux From Scratch (LFS) 第6.8版》是一本由Gerard Beekmans创建，Matthew Burgess和Bruce Dubbs编辑的权威教材，旨在帮助读者从零开始构建Linux系统。这本书自1999年至2011年持续更新，强调实践性和系统构建过程，被广大Linux学习者视为快速掌握Linux操作系统的有效途径。它特别适合那些希望深入了解操作系统底层工作原理的人，以及希望通过手动安装和配置来提升技能的开发者。《Linux From Scratch》的核心理念在于，通过从源代码编译所有的软件包，让读者亲身体验Linux内核、工具和应用程序的构建过程。书中包含了详细的步骤指导，如第1章介绍如何构建一个LFS系统，包括系统的目标架构选择（如x86、ARM等）、新版本的特色和更改，以及提供给读者的学习资源和求助途径。在准备构建阶段，第2章指导读者创建新的分区，涉及分区的目的、步骤，以及如何在分区上创建文件系统。这强调了基础硬件管理的重要性，因为一个干净且合理的分区结构是后续安装的基础。书中还阐述了为什么在书中选择特定的软件包，并在第6章“Prerequisites”中列出了所需的前置条件，包括但不限于必要的主机系统要求，比如稳定的开发环境和基本的命令行技能。此外，还提到了本书的版权信息和许可协议，如Creative Commons License允许部分计算机指令提取，而Linux本身则是Linus Torvalds注册的商标。《Linux From Scratch》的结构严谨，包括一个详尽的目录，预览介绍了章节内容，同时还提供了一份错误报告列表，以便用户及时修正可能存在的问题。全书内容丰富，不仅教授技术知识，还培养了读者的动手能力和系统级理解。《Linux From Scratch》是一本深度学习Linux操作系统的经典教程，通过实践驱动的学习方式，帮助读者深入理解并掌握Linux的构建原理，是提高Linux技能的不可或缺的参考资料。对于想要从头开始构建Linux系统或者对Linux内核工作原理感兴趣的读者来说，这本书是一份珍贵的指南。

Linux From Scratch - Version 6.8

xvi

Because the LFS book assumes at least this basic level of skill, the various LFS support forums are unlikely to be able

to provide you with much assistance in these areas. You will find that your questions regarding such basic knowledge

will likely go unanswered or you will simply be referred to the LFS essential pre-reading list.

Before building an LFS system, we recommend reading the following HOWTOs:

• Software-Building-HOWTO http:// www. tldp. org/ HOWTO/ Software- Building- HOWTO. html

This is a comprehensive guide to building and installing “generic” Unix software packages under Linux.

Although it was written some time ago, it still provides a good summary of the basic techniques needed to build

and install software.

• The Linux Users' Guide http:// www. linuxhq. com/ guides/ LUG/ guide. html

This guide covers the usage of assorted Linux software. This reference is also fairly old, but still valid.

• The Essential Pre-Reading Hint http:// www. linuxfromscratch. org/ hints/ downloads/ files/ essential_ prereading. txt

This is an LFS Hint written specifically for users new to Linux. It includes a list of links to excellent sources of

information on a wide range of topics. Anyone attempting to install LFS should have an understanding of many

of the topics in this hint.

Host System Requirements

Your host system should have the following software with the minimum versions indicated. This should not be an

issue for most modern Linux distributions. Also note that many distributions will place software headers into separate

packages, often in the form of “<package-name>-devel” or “<package-name>-dev”. Be sure to install those if your

distribution provides them.

Earlier versions of the listed software packages may work, but has not been tested.

• Bash-3.2 (/bin/sh should be a symbolic or hard link to bash)

• Binutils-2.17 (Versions greater than 2.21 are not recommended as they have not been tested)

• Bison-2.3 (/usr/bin/yacc should be a link to bison or small script that executes bison)

• Bzip2-1.0.4

• Coreutils-6.9

• Diffutils-2.8.1

• Findutils-4.2.31

• Gawk-3.1.5 (/usr/bin/awk should be a link to gawk)

• Gcc-4.1.2 (Versions greater than 4.5.2 are not recommended as they have not been tested)

• Glibc-2.5.1 (Versions greater than 2.13 are not recommended as they have not been tested)

• Grep-2.5.1a

• Gzip-1.3.12

• Linux Kernel-2.6.22.5 (having been compiled with GCC-4.1.2 or greater)

The reason for the kernel version requirement is that we specify that version when building glibc in Chapter 6 at

the recommendation of the developers.

If the host kernel is either earlier than 2.6.22.5, or it was not compiled using a GCC-4.1.2 (or later) compiler,

you will need to replace the kernel with one adhering to the specifications. There are two ways you can go about

this. First, see if your Linux vendor provides a 2.6.22.5 or later kernel package. If so, you may wish to install it.

Linux From Scratch - Version 6.8

xix

Typography

To make things easier to follow, there are a few typographical conventions used throughout this book. This section

contains some examples of the typographical format found throughout Linux From Scratch.

./configure --prefix=/usr

This form of text is designed to be typed exactly as seen unless otherwise noted in the surrounding text. It is also used

in the explanation sections to identify which of the commands is being referenced.

In some cases, a logical line is extended to two or more physical lines with a backslash at the end of the line.

CC="gcc -B/usr/bin/" ../binutils-2.18/configure \

--prefix=/tools --disable-nls --disable-werror

Note that the backslash must be followed by an immediate return. Other whitespace characters like spaces or tab

characters will create incorrect results.

install-info: unknown option '--dir-file=/mnt/lfs/usr/info/dir'

This form of text (fixed-width text) shows screen output, usually as the result of commands issued. This format is

also used to show filenames, such as / etc/ ld. so. conf.

Emphasis

This form of text is used for several purposes in the book. Its main purpose is to emphasize important points or items.

http:// www. linuxfromscratch. org/

This format is used for hyperlinks both within the LFS community and to external pages. It includes HOWTOs,

download locations, and websites.

cat > $LFS/etc/group << "EOF"

root:x:0:

bin:x:1:

......

EOF

This format is used when creating configuration files. The first command tells the system to create the file

$LFS/ etc/ group from whatever is typed on the following lines until the sequence End Of File (EOF) is

encountered. Therefore, this entire section is generally typed as seen.

This format is used to encapsulate text that is not to be typed as seen or for copy-and-paste operations.

[OPTIONAL TEXT]

This format is used to encapsulate text that is optional.

passwd(5)

This format is used to refer to a specific manual (man) page. The number inside parentheses indicates a specific section

inside the manuals. For example, passwd has two man pages. Per LFS installation instructions, those two man pages

will be located at / usr/ share/ man/ man1/ passwd. 1 and / usr/ share/ man/ man5/ passwd. 5. When

the book uses passwd(5) it is specifically referring to / usr/ share/ man/ man5/ passwd. 5. man passwd

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