Rust编程语言官方指南

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"The Rust Programming Language (True PDF) - 第1版" 《The Rust Programming Language》是 Steve Klabnik 和 Carol Nichols 合著的一本全面介绍 Rust 编程语言的权威书籍，得到了 Rust 社区的贡献支持。这本书由 Mozilla Corporation 和 Rust 项目开发者共同拥有版权，出版于2018年。 Rust 是一种系统级编程语言，专注于速度、内存安全和并行性。它的设计目标是消除传统系统编程语言中的常见错误，如空指针异常、数据竞争和缓冲区溢出等，同时提供高性能和低级别控制。Rust 的核心特性包括所有权系统、类型系统和借用检查器，这些机制确保了内存安全和并发性，而无需使用垃圾回收机制。本书详细介绍了 Rust 的语法、核心概念以及最佳实践，包括： 1. **基础语法**：变量、类型系统（包括枚举、结构体和元组）、控制流语句（如 if、match 和循环）。 2. **函数和闭包**：函数定义、参数、返回值，以及可以捕获环境的闭包。 3. **所有权系统**：理解所有权规则如何管理内存生命周期，包括借用和引用的概念。 4. **类型系统**：静态类型、动态类型、泛型和trait，以及如何进行类型推断。 5. **错误处理**：通过 Result 和 Option 类型来处理可恢复的错误，以及 panic 模型。 6. **模块和包**：组织代码结构，以及 Cargo，Rust 的构建和包管理工具。 7. **并发编程**：利用 Rust 的线程、通道和原子操作进行高效的并发。 8. **宏和元编程**：Rust 的宏系统，允许在编译时生成代码。 9. **生态系统和工具**：介绍标准库、第三方库，以及开发工具如 Rustfmt 和 Clippy。技术审阅者 Eduard-Mihai "eddyb" Burtescu 和 Alex Crichton 对书中的技术内容进行了审查，确保了其准确性和实用性。此外，本书还经过了细致的编辑和校对，以提供清晰易懂的阅读体验。《The Rust Programming Language》是学习和精通 Rust 的理想资源，无论是对于初学者还是有经验的程序员，都能从中受益匪浅，掌握构建安全、快速和可靠软件的关键技能。

xiv Contents in Detail

Writing Error Messages to Standard Error Instead of Standard Output ............ 254

Checking Where Errors Are Written ............................. 254

Printing Errors to Standard Error ................................ 255

Summary ...................................................... 256

FUNCTIONAL LANGUAGE FEATURES:

ITERATORS AND CLOSURES 257

Closures: Anonymous Functions That Can Capture Their Environment ............. 258

Creating an Abstraction of Behavior with Closures ................... 258

Closure Type Inference and Annotation ........................... 263

Storing Closures Using Generic Parameters and the Fn Traits ............ 264

Limitations of the Cacher Implementation .......................... 267

Capturing the Environment with Closures .......................... 268

Processing a Series of Items with Iterators ................................ 270

The Iterator Trait and the next Method ............................ 271

Methods That Consume the Iterator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

Methods That Produce Other Iterators ............................ 273

Using Closures That Capture Their Environment...................... 274

Creating Our Own Iterators with the Iterator Trait .................... 275

Improving Our I/O Project .......................................... 277

Removing a clone Using an Iterator .............................. 278

Making Code Clearer with Iterator Adaptors ....................... 280

Comparing Performance: Loops vs. Iterators .............................. 281

Summary ...................................................... 283

MORE ABOUT CARGO AND CRATES.IO 285

Customizing Builds with Release Profiles ................................. 286

Publishing a Crate to Crates.io ....................................... 287

Making Useful Documentation Comments.......................... 287

Exporting a Convenient Public API with pub use ..................... 290

Setting Up a Crates.io Account ................................. 294

Adding Metadata to a New Crate .............................. 294

Publishing to Crates.io ....................................... 295

Publishing a New Version of an Existing Crate ...................... 296

Removing Versions from Crates.io with cargo yank ................... 296

Cargo Workspaces ............................................... 297

Creating a Workspace ...................................... 297

Creating the Second Crate in the Workspace....................... 298

Installing Binaries from Crates.io with cargo install.......................... 302

Extending Cargo with Custom Commands................................ 303

Summary ...................................................... 303

SMART POINTERS 305

Using Box<T> to Point to Data on the Heap............................... 306

Using a Box<T> to Store Data on the Heap ........................ 307

Enabling Recursive Types with Boxes ............................. 308

Contents in Detail xv

Treating Smart Pointers Like Regular References with the Deref Trait .............. 311

Following the Pointer to the Value with the Dereference Operator ......... 312

Using Box<T> Like a Reference................................. 312

Defining Our Own Smart Pointer................................ 313

Treating a Type Like a Reference by Implementing the Deref Trait ......... 314

Implicit Deref Coercions with Functions and Methods.................. 315

How Deref Coercion Interacts with Mutability ....................... 316

Running Code on Cleanup with the Drop Trait ............................. 317

Dropping a Value Early with std::mem::drop ....................... 318

Rc<T>, the Reference Counted Smart Pointer .............................. 320

Using Rc<T> to Share Data ................................... 320

Cloning an Rc<T> Increases the Reference Count .................... 322

RefCell<T> and the Interior Mutability Pattern ............................. 323

Enforcing Borrowing Rules at Runtime with RefCell<T>................. 324

Interior Mutability: A Mutable Borrow to an Immutable Value ............ 325

Having Multiple Owners of Mutable Data

by Combining Rc<T> and RefCell<T> ......................... 330

Reference Cycles Can Leak Memory.................................... 332

Creating a Reference Cycle ................................... 332

Preventing Reference Cycles: Turning an Rc<T> into a Weak<T> ......... 334

Summary ...................................................... 339

FEARLESS CONCURRENCY 341

Using Threads to Run Code Simultaneously ............................... 342

Creating a New Thread with spawn ............................. 344

Waiting for All Threads to Finish Using join Handles .................. 345

Using move Closures with Threads .............................. 347

Using Message Passing to Transfer Data Between Threads .................... 349

Channels and Ownership Transference ........................... 352

Sending Multiple Values and Seeing the Receiver Waiting.............. 353

Creating Multiple Producers by Cloning the Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354

Shared-State Concurrency ........................................... 355

Using Mutexes to Allow Access to Data from One Thread at a Time ....... 356

Similarities Between RefCell<T>/Rc<T> and Mutex<T>/Arc<T> .......... 362

Extensible Concurrency with the Sync and Send Traits ....................... 362

Allowing Transference of Ownership Between Threads with Send ......... 363

Allowing Access from Multiple Threads with Sync .................... 363

Implementing Send and Sync Manually Is Unsafe .................... 363

Summary ...................................................... 364

OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING FEATURES OF RUST 365

Characteristics of Object-Oriented Languages ............................. 365

Objects Contain Data and Behavior ............................. 366

Encapsulation That Hides Implementation Details .................... 366

Inheritance as a Type System and as Code Sharing .................. 368

Using Trait Objects That Allow for Values of Different Types ................... 369

Defining a Trait for Common Behavior............................ 369

Implementing the Trait ....................................... 371

xvi Contents in Detail

Trait Objects Perform Dynamic Dispatch .......................... 374

Object Safety Is Required for Trait Objects ......................... 374

Implementing an Object-Oriented Design Pattern ........................... 376

Defining Post and Creating a New Instance in the Draft State............ 377

Storing the Text of the Post Content .............................. 378

Ensuring the Content of a Draft Post Is Empty ....................... 378

Requesting a Review of the Post Changes Its State.................... 379

Adding the approve Method that Changes the Behavior of content ........ 380

Trade-offs of the State Pattern .................................. 383

Summary ...................................................... 387

PATTERNS AND MATCHING 389

All the Places Patterns Can Be Used .................................... 390

match Arms .............................................. 390

Conditional if let Expressions .................................. 390

while let Conditional Loops ................................... 392

for Loops ................................................ 392

let Statements ............................................. 393

Function Parameters ........................................ 394

Refutability: Whether a Pattern Might Fail to Match ......................... 395

Pattern Syntax ................................................... 396

Matching Literals........................................... 396

Matching Named Variables ................................... 397

Multiple Patterns ........................................... 398

Matching Ranges of Values with the ... Syntax ...................... 398

Destructuring to Break Apart Values.............................. 399

Ignoring Values in a Pattern ................................... 403

Creating References in Patterns with ref and ref mut .................. 407

Extra Conditionals with Match Guards............................ 408

@ Bindings............................................... 410

Summary ...................................................... 411

ADVANCED FEATURES 413

Unsafe Rust ..................................................... 414

Unsafe Superpowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

Dereferencing a Raw Pointer .................................. 415

Calling an Unsafe Function or Method............................ 417

Accessing or Modifying a Mutable Static Variable ................... 421

Implementing an Unsafe Trait .................................. 422

When to Use Unsafe Code.................................... 423

Advanced Lifetimes ............................................... 423

Ensuring One Lifetime Outlives Another with Lifetime Subtyping .......... 423

Lifetime Bounds on References to Generic Types ..................... 428

Inference of Trait Object Lifetimes ............................... 429

Advanced Traits.................................................. 430

Specifying Placeholder Types in Trait Definitions with Associated Types ..... 431

Default Generic Type Parameters and Operator Overloading ............ 432

Contents in Detail xvii

Fully Qualified Syntax for Disambiguation:

Calling Methods with the Same Name ........................ 434

Using Supertraits to Require One Trait’s Functionality Within Another Trait... 437

Using the Newtype Pattern to Implement External Traits on External Types ... 439

Advanced Types ................................................. 440

Using the Newtype Pattern for Type Safety and Abstraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440

Creating Type Synonyms with Type Aliases ........................ 441

The Never Type That Never Returns.............................. 443

Dynamically Sized Types and the Sized Trait ....................... 445

Advanced Functions and Closures ..................................... 446

Function Pointers ........................................... 446

Returning Closures ......................................... 448

Summary ...................................................... 448

FINAL PROJECT: BUILDING A MULTITHREADED WEB SERVER 449

Building a Single-Threaded Web Server ................................. 450

Listening to the TCP Connection ................................ 450

Reading the Request ........................................ 452

A Closer Look at an HTTP Request............................... 454

Writing a Response......................................... 455

Returning Real HTML ........................................ 456

Validating the Request and Selectively Responding ................... 457

A Touch of Refactoring ...................................... 459

Turning Our Single-Threaded Server into a Multithreaded Server ................ 460

Simulating a Slow Request in the Current Server Implementation .......... 460

Improving Throughput with a Thread Pool ......................... 461

Graceful Shutdown and Cleanup ...................................... 479

Implementing the Drop Trait on ThreadPool ........................ 479

Signaling to the Threads to Stop Listening for Jobs.................... 481

Summary ...................................................... 485

KEYWORDS 487

Keywords Currently in Use .......................................... 487

Keywords Reserved for Future Use ..................................... 489

OPERATORS AND SYMBOLS 491

Operators ...................................................... 491

Non-operator Symbols ............................................. 493

DERIVABLE TRAITS 497

Debug for Programmer Output........................................ 498

PartialEq and Eq for Equality Comparisons ............................... 498

PartialOrd and Ord for Ordering Comparisons ............................ 499

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