Java版OpenGL教程：3D图形编程基础

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"Foundations of 3D Graphics Programming--java版的opengl教材" 这本《Foundations of 3D Graphics Programming》是第二版，作者Jim X. Chen和Chunyang Chen，专注于使用Java绑定OpenGL（JOGL）以及Java 3D进行三维图形编程的基础教程。该书由Springer-Verlag London Limited于2008年出版，第一版在2006年发布。书中的内容涵盖了计算机图形学的基本原理和实践应用，旨在帮助读者理解并掌握3D图形编程的核心概念。 JOGL（Java Bindings for OpenGL）是OpenGL在Java平台上的一个接口，它允许Java开发者直接调用OpenGL库来创建高性能的图形应用程序。通过JOGL，Java程序员可以利用OpenGL的强大功能，包括实时渲染、复杂的几何建模和先进的图像处理技术。本书可能涉及以下几个关键知识点： 1. **OpenGL基础**：OpenGL是一个跨语言、跨平台的图形库，用于渲染2D、3D矢量图形。书中会介绍OpenGL的上下文创建、窗口系统集成、基本的绘图命令和状态管理。 2. **顶点坐标与变换**：3D图形的构建始于顶点坐标，学习如何定义和操作这些坐标以实现旋转、缩放和平移等几何变换。 3. **着色器语言（GLSL）**：OpenGL着色器语言是编写GPU执行的程序，用于处理顶点和像素的颜色和光照。书中会讲解如何使用GLSL编写顶点和片段着色器。 4. **纹理映射**：纹理映射是将2D图像应用到3D模型表面的技术，用于增加细节和真实感。读者将学习如何加载、绑定和应用纹理。 5. **帧缓冲对象（FBO）和离屏渲染**：FBO扩展了OpenGL的功能，允许在内存中创建离屏图像，用于复杂的后期处理效果和多重渲染目标。 6. **深度测试和裁剪**：在3D场景中，理解如何正确处理物体的前后关系和裁剪空间是至关重要的。这些概念会在书中得到详细阐述。 7. **光照和阴影**：通过模拟光照和阴影，3D模型可以获得更真实的视觉效果。书中可能涵盖点光源、方向光和自阴影计算。 8. **Java 3D API**：除了JOGL，本书还提到了Java 3D，这是一个高级的3D图形库，提供了面向对象的API，简化了复杂3D场景的构建。 9. **实例和项目**：为了帮助读者巩固理论知识，书中很可能包含多个实例和实际项目，指导读者逐步完成3D图形的开发。 10. **版权与许可**：书中强调了根据版权法的合理使用原则，如用于研究、私人学习、批评或评论，以及复制、存储或传输的许可要求。《Foundations of 3D Graphics Programming Using JOGL and Java 3D》是一本适合初学者和进阶者的教程，它深入浅出地介绍了3D图形编程的核心概念和技术，对于想在Java环境中使用OpenGL进行图形编程的人来说是一份宝贵的资源。

Introduction

Chapter Objectives:

• Introduce basic graphics concepts — object, model, image, graphics library, frame

buffer, scan-conversion, clipping, and antialiasing

• Set up Java, JOGL programming environments

• Understand simple JOGL programs

1.1 Graphics Models and Libraries

A graphics display is a drawing area composed of an array of fine points called pixels.

At the heart of a graphics system there is a magic pen, which can move at lightning

speed to a specific pixel and draw the pixel with a specific color — a red, green, and

blue (RGB) vector value. This pen can be controlled directly by hand through an input

device (mouse or keyboard) like a simple paintbrush. In this case, we can draw

whatever we imagine, but it takes a real artist to come up with a good painting.

Computer graphics, however, is about using this pen automatically through

programming.

A real or imaginary object is represented in a computer as a model and is displayed as

an image. A model is an abstract description of the object’s shape (vertices) and

attributes (colors), which can be used to find all the points and their colors on the

object corresponding to the pixels in the drawing area. Given a model, the application

program will control the pen through a graphics library to generate the corresponding

image. An image is simply a 2D array of pixels.

A graphics library provides a set of graphics commands or functions. These

commands can be bound in C, C++, Java, or other programming languages on

different platforms. Graphics commands can specify primitive 2D and 3D geometric

J.X. Chen, C. Chen, Foundations of 3D Graphics Programming,

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84800-284-5_1, © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2008

2 1 Introduction

models to be digitized and displayed. Here primitive means that only certain simple

shapes (such as points, lines, and polygons) can be accepted by a graphics library. To

draw a complex shape, we need an application program to assemble or construct it by

displaying pieces of simple shapes (primitives). We have the magic pen that draws a

pixel. If we can draw a pixel, we can draw a line, a polygon, a curve, a block, a

building, an airplane, and so forth. A general application program can be included into

a graphics library as a command to draw a complex shape. Because our pen is

magically fast, we can draw a complex object, clear the drawing area, draw the object

at a slightly different location or shape, and repeat the above processes — the object is

now animated.

OpenGL is a graphics library that we will integrate with the Java programming

language to introduce graphics theory, programming, and applications. When we

introduce program examples, we will succinctly discuss Java-specific concepts and

programming as well for C/C++ programmers.

1.2 OpenGL Programming in Java: JOGL

OpenGL is the most widely used graphics library (GL) or application programming

interface (API), and is supported across all popular desktop and workstation

platforms, ensuring wide application deployment. JOGL implements Java bindings

for OpenGL. It provides hardware-supported 3D graphics to applications written in

Java. It is part of a suite of open-source technologies initiated by the Game

Technology Group at Sun Microsystems. JOGL provides full access to OpenGL

functions and integrates with the AWT and Swing widget sets.

First, let’s spend some time to set up our working environment, compile

J1_0_Point.java, and run the program. The following file contains links to all the

example programs in this book and detailed information for setting up working

environments on different platforms for the most recent version:

http://cs.gmu.edu/~jchen/graphics/setup.html

Since JOGL has been changed significantly over time, it is better to download and

update the sample programs from the web instead of typing in examples from the

book.

1.2 OpenGL Programming in Java: JOGL 3

1.2.1 Setting Up Working Environment

JOGL provides full access to the APIs in the OpenGL specification as well as nearly

all vendor extensions. To install and run JOGL, we need to install Java Development

Kit. In addition, a Java IDE is also preferred to help coding. The following steps will

guide you through installing Java, JOGL, and Eclipse or JBuilder IDE.

1. Installing Java Development Kit

Java Development Kit (JDK) contains a compiler, interpreter, and debugger. If you

have not installed JDK, it is freely available from Sun Microsystems. You can

download the latest version from the download section at

http://java.sun.com.

Make sure you download the JDK Java SE (Standard Edition) not the JRE (runtime

environment) that matches the platform you use. After downloading the JDK, you

can run the installation executable file. During the installation, you will be asked

the directory "Install to:". You need to know where it is installed. For example, you

can put it under: "C:\myJDK\". In default, it is put under "C:\Program

Files\Java\jdkxxx\".

2. Installing JOGL

We need to obtain the JOGL binaries in order to compile and run applications

from:

https://jogl.dev.java.net/. Download the current release build binaries that

match the platform you use. After that, you can extract and put all these files (jar

and dll files) in the same directory with the Java (JOGL) examples and compile all

them on the command line in the current directory with:

"C:\myJDK\bin\javac" -classpath jogl.jar *.java

After that, you can run the sample program with (the command in one line):

"C:\myJDK\bin\java" -classpath .;jogl.jar;gluegen-rt.jar;

-Djava.library.path=. J1_0_Point

That is, you need to place the "*.jar" files in the CLASSPATH of your build

environment in order to be able to compile an application with JOGL and run, and

place "*.dll" files in the directory listed in the "java.library.path" environment

variable during execution. Java loads the native libraries (such as the dll files for

Windows) from the directories listed in the "java.library.path" environment

variable. For Windows, placing the dll files under "C:\WINDOWS\system32\"

directory works. This approach gets you up running quickly without worrying

about the "java.library.path" setting.

4 1 Introduction

3. Installing a Java IDE (Eclipse, jGRASP, or JBuilder)

Installing a Java IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is strongly

recommended. Without an IDE, you can edit Java program files using any text

editor, compile and run Java programs using the commands we introduced above

after downloading JOGL, but that would be very difficult and slow. Java IDEs such

as JBuilder, Eclipes, and jGRASP are development environments that make Java

programming much faster and easier.

If you like to use jGRASP, you can download it from http://www.jgrasp.org/. In the

project under "Settings->PATH/CLASSPATH->Workspace", you can add the

directory of the *.dll files to the system PATH window, and add "*.jar" files with

full path to the CLASSPATH window.

If you like to use Eclipse, you can download from http://eclipse.org the latest

version of Eclipse that matches the platform you use. Expand it into the folder

where you would like Eclipse to run from, (e.g., "C:\eclipse\"). There is no

installation to run. You can put "*.jar" files under "Project->Properties->Libraries".

To remove Eclipse you simply delete the directory, because Eclipse does not alter

the system registry.

As another alternative, you can download a free version of JBuilder from

http://www.borland.com/jbuilder/. JBuilder comes with its own JDK. If you use

JBuilder as the IDE and want to use your downloaded JDK, you need to start

JBuilder, go to "Tools->Configue JDKs", and click "Change" to change the "JDK

home path:" to where you install your JDK. For example, "C:\myJDK\". Also,

under "Tools->Configue JDKs", you can click "Add" to add "*.jar" files from

wherever you save it to the JBuilder environment.

4. Creating a Sample Program in Eclipse

As an example, here we introduce using Eclipse. After downloading it, you can run

it to start programming. Now in Eclipse you click on “File->New->Project” to

create a new Java Project at a name you prefer. Then, you click on

“File->New->Class” to create a new class with name: “J1_0_Point”. After that,

you can copy the following code into the space, and click on “Run->Run As->Java

Application” to start compiling and running. You should see a window with a very

tiny red pixel at the center. In the future, you can continue creating new classes, as

we introduce each example as a new class. Alternatively, you can download all the

examples from the web.

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