TECH POLICY FACTSHEET: BATTERY TECHNOLOGY
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BELFER CENTER FOR SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
2
What are Batteries?
4 “How does a battery work?” (2012).
5 Bhatt, A., Forsyth, M., Withers, R., & Wang, G. (Eds.). (2018, March 05). How a battery works. Retrieved January, 2021, from https://www.science.
org.au/curious/technology-future/batteries
6 Were the separator to break down, dendrites (small metal slivers) form a bridge from the cathode to anode and short the circuit, causing a
meltdown. This is what happened to the Samsung Note cell phones in 2016.
7 Fluke. (2016, October 31). What is Voltage? Retrieved from https://www.fluke.com/en-us/learn/blog/electrical/what-is-voltage
8 Sevian, H. (2000, Summer). Batteries, current, and Ohm’s law. Retrieved January, 2021, from http://physics.bu.edu/py106/notes/Ohm.html
9 Carruthers, T. (2018, January 19). Battery power explained. Retrieved from https://www.science.org.au/curious/technology-future/
battery-power-explained
A battery, made up of one or more separate electrochemical cells, is a device which stores chemical energy
and converts it to electrical energy.
4
e chemical reactions in a battery produce a ow of electrons
through an electric circuit, generating an electric current that can be used to power devices.
More specically, during the discharge cycle, electricity is produced through the ow of electrons from
one electrode called the anode or negative electrode, to another called the cathode or positive electrode.
5
Under discharge, the anode produces electrons through an electrochemical reaction, and generates
positive ions that go into the electrolyte solution. e negative electrons travel across the external circuit
under a voltage dierence (creating electric current) to the cathode, where they combine with positively
charged ions from the electrolyte. Positively charged ions ow through the electrolyte solution from
the anode to the cathode to maintain charge balance. e electrolyte solution has a semi-permeable
barrier called a separator or membrane that prevents shorting between the electrodes while allowing
the required ion transport.
6
During the charge cycle, the process is reversed, as positively charged ions
return to the negative electrode through the electrolyte solution and electrons return from the positive
electrode.
Battery performance can be evaluated along several dierent metrics:
• Voltage (SI unit: volts) is the dierence in electric potential between cathode and anode. which
in practical terms is the driving force with which electrons are transported through the circuit.
7
• Current (SI unit: amperes) is the amount of electric charge (directly proportional to the number
of electrons) per unit of time owing through the external circuit.
8
• Power (SI unit: watts) is the product of the voltage and current, the rate at which electrical
energy can be discharged.
9
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