入门指南：Activiti实战与BPMN2.0详解

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《Activiti in Action》是一本由Tijs Rademakers撰写的专业书籍，专为希望学习和实践业务流程管理（Business Process Management，BPM）的初学者提供了深入的入门指南。本书以Activiti框架为核心，着重介绍了BPMN 2.0（Business Process Model and Notation 2.0）这一行业标准语言，帮助读者理解和构建可执行的业务流程模型。书中的主要内容涵盖了以下几个关键知识点： 1. **Activiti Designer**：这本书首先介绍了Activiti Designer，这是一个图形化的工具，用户可以使用它来设计业务流程图（BPMN图）。通过这个工具，开发者可以直观地创建流程的启动、流程步骤、决策节点、任务分配以及结束事件等元素。 2. **Activiti Engine**：设计完成后，Activiti Designer导出的XML文件会被部署到Activiti Engine，这是Activiti的核心组件，负责执行流程定义。它处理自动化步骤，如调用Web服务，以及涉及人工干预的步骤，比如任务分配和使用Webform进行交互。 3. **Process Implementation**：书中还探讨了如何实现业务流程，包括编写Java或JavaScript代码来触发和管理流程实例，以及如何处理流程中的任务和决策逻辑。 4. **Web Forms**：作为用户界面的一部分，Activiti支持与流程集成的Web forms，使用户可以直接在浏览器上完成任务，增强了用户体验和流程的易用性。 5. **Tasks & Jobs**：书中详细介绍了任务管理和作业调度，如何分配任务给特定用户或角色，以及如何设置定时或周期性的作业执行。 6. **Processes & Workflows**：讨论了工作流的概念，包括如何构建复杂的流程，如子流程、并行分支和回溯路径，以及如何优化流程性能。 7. **Integration with Web Services (WS) and REST**：书中涉及如何将Activiti与外部系统集成，如通过Web服务API或RESTful接口进行通信。 8. **Database Interaction**：Activiti需要数据库来存储流程数据，如任务状态、历史记录等，因此也涵盖了与数据库的交互及其最佳实践。通过阅读《Activiti in Action》，读者不仅能掌握Activiti框架的基本使用，还能深入了解BPMN 2.0标准，从而在实际项目中构建高效、可维护的业务流程解决方案。该书不仅适合初学者入门，也对有一定经验的开发人员提供实用的扩展知识。同时，对于寻求企业级流程自动化的企业来说，这是一本不可多得的参考书籍。

FOREWORD

TOM

BAEYENS

xvi

This lack of flexibility is why I started building a home-brewed process engine back

in 2002. Initially, the goal was to build an interpreter for state machines. It was much

later that I heard from many developers that they had gone through the same initial

phase. Originally, my process engine was intended as an internal project for which I

was doing Java consulting.

Without expectations and without really knowing what I was getting myself into, I

published the project on SourceForge as j

BPM

. My reaction to the first forum post was,

“Cool! Someone found my engine!”—and this motivated me to improve. Many more

forum posts kept me going until

oss came along and asked me to develop it further.

After the Business Process Model and Notation (

BPMN

) standard was introduced,

we realized that it would be crucial to have an Apache-licensed implementation of

BPMN

. j

BPM

’s

LGPL

could pose a problem for mass adoption. At the same time,

Alfresco needed an Apache-based

BPMN

engine, so the company hired me, and that is

how Activiti was born. Because of the different licenses, we couldn’t use any of the

BPM

code, so we had to write it from scratch at Alfresco: but this became an opportu-

nity to revisit all the key architectural decisions that had been made before.

During the evolution of j

BPM

, leading up to Activiti, I took a new approach to

the old problem. Initially, the focus was on state machines, but eventually we con-

structed an engine to match the way business people and developers collaborate. We

designed the engine in such a way that it would allow business people to define the

graphical flow of the process and, at the same time, give developers the opportunity

to bind program logic inside the process flows. In addition, the engine was light-

weight and integrated easily into any Java environment. The result was what we call

embeddable

BPM

BPMN

is a recent standard that has emerged from a long list of predecessors in the

BPM

space. It describes the shapes and connections for drawing business-process dia-

grams as well as their meanings and file formats.

BPMN

is different because of its clear

focus on the business side and process modeling, whereas earlier standards focused

more on the technical aspects.

In this book, Tijs has included concrete instructions for developers, technical man-

agers, and business analysts to start building

BPMN

process solutions with Activiti. The

book includes a comprehensive overview of the Activiti framework, the Activiti

Engine, and

BPMN

. But Tijs goes beyond the basics and describes how to integrate

these with a rule engine and web-based services.

The reader will get a thorough understanding of

BPM

technology as it is applied in

today’s enterprise environments. This is definitely the most practical guide to

BPMN

using Activiti as the engine.

AEYENS

CTIVITI

AND

BPM

OUNDER

HIEF

BPM

RCHITECT

, A

LFRESCO

FOREWORD

JORAM

BARREZ

xviii

immediately as fellow geeks. A year later, I joined his team at

oss and followed him

subsequently to help build Activiti at Alfresco.

Why the switch? The answer is simple. There was no room for an Apache-licensed

engine at

oss at that time, but we knew that an Apache license was crucial due to the

advent of the BPMN

2.0 standard. If we weren’t going to do it, someone else would.

Putting all our experiences together—what worked, what didn’t work, and what

rocked—we started to build a

BPMN

2.0 engine at the beginning of 2010, an engine that

would do exactly what I started my story with: improve communication between those

who need software solutions and those who build software by using flowchart-like dia-

grams. Expressing how your business works with diagrams is hard, but it is worth the

effort. Visualization is a powerful tool and, in the past, I often saw clients change their

way of working after seeing how the different steps connected. The

BPMN

2.0 standard

is of great value here. It may seem simplistic, but by defining how certain shapes have

specific meanings, not only can you visualize your workflows, you can find others in the

industry who speak the same language. The fact that version 2.0 also includes execution

semantics adds the next level of power: not only do the diagrams become standardized,

but now you can switch the engine that’s executing the diagrams with any

BPMN

2.0–

compliant engine—not that there is any reason to switch from Activiti, of course!

As a Java developer, I used to loathe

BPM

suites—big black boxes that cost tons of

money to produce pictures. Every sane developer understands that pictures will never

make it into stable, performant software. That is why you will love Activiti: it is built

with benefits for business users in mind, without forgetting the developers. All the

code is open source—if something bothers you or isn’t clear, you can join our discus-

sions on the forum. Activiti in its simplest form is a library, a

JAR

, one among many,

embeddable in every Java project, be it

, Spring, or

OSG

i. With Activiti, you write

unit tests just as you are used to doing. But instead of testing code, you are testing pro-

cesses—based on diagrams that you and the business people discussed and under-

stood—enriched with Java code to make them do exactly what you want them to do.

Then you integrate them with other components exactly as you envisioned.

I touch only briefly here on the benefits of

BPM

and the power of Activiti. Tijs does

an outstanding job of covering every facet of Activiti in great detail, and I’m excited

and thankful that he put so much time into this book project. Software and open

source frameworks in general rise or fall with the available documentation, and it’s my

belief that this is a superb book that provides much-needed, detailed information.

There currently is no better source of knowledge on Activiti and

BPMN

2.0. Period.

Think about it: processes are all around us. Without processes, a company

wouldn’t exist or, at least, it wouldn’t make money for long. Every company needs pro-

cesses to fulfill its goals. And in this quickly changing world, opportunities exist every-

where, from mobile integration in the workflow to massive cloud services

orchestrations. It’s up to you to grab them.

ORAM

ARREZ

OFOUNDER

CTIVITI

ORE

CTIVITI

EVELOPER

, A

LFRESCO

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