IP地址与子网划分技术指南（含IPv6）

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"Syngress - IP Addressing And Subnetting (Including IPv6)" 是一本深入探讨IP地址分配和子网划分技术的书籍，涵盖了IPv4和IPv6的相关内容。本书旨在帮助读者理解并掌握网络中IP地址的基础知识，以及如何有效地进行子网划分。它详细阐述了IP地址的基本概念，包括地址的结构、不同类别的大小，以及它们在网络中的应用。书中的内容分为几个关键部分： 1. **IP地址基础**：介绍了IP地址是如何工作的，以及在无类别域间路由（CIDR）系统之前，传统的类ful地址结构，如Class A、Class B和Class C。这些类别分别适用于大型、中型和小型网络，各有其特定的网络前缀长度和可用主机数。 2. **网络与地址分配**：解释了什么是网络，以及网络中设备如何被赋予单一或多个IP地址。书中提到了单接口设备和多接口设备（即多宿主设备）的地址分配策略，还讨论了在单个接口上使用多个地址以实现多网络连接（即多网际连接）的方法。 3. **子网划分的目的**：解释了为什么需要进行子网划分，主要是为了更好地管理IP地址空间，提高网络效率，以及解决IP地址的稀缺问题。书中详细介绍了固定长度子网掩码的概念，以及如何通过二进制和十进制来确定和创建适合各种网络规模的子网掩码。 4. **子网掩码组件与地址互动**：深入讨论了子网掩码的作用，它用于定义网络地址和主机地址的部分。书中解释了如何通过二进制计算确定子网掩码值，并演示了如何通过掩码确定一个网络内的地址范围。 5. **保留和受限的IP地址**：这部分内容涵盖了网络中不能分配给主机使用的特殊IP地址，例如网络地址、广播地址、以及保留给特殊用途的地址段。 6. **确定子网范围**：介绍了如何根据子网掩码计算出一个子网内可用的主机地址范围，以及如何确定网络地址和广播地址。 7. **IPv6的加入**：除了对IPv4的深入讲解，本书也涵盖了IPv6的相关知识，这是互联网演进的关键部分，提供了更大的地址空间和改进的路由效率。 "Syngress - IP Addressing And Subnetting (Including IPv6)" 是一本全面的教程，对于网络管理员、系统工程师、IT专业人员以及对网络基础知识感兴趣的读者来说，是一份非常宝贵的参考资料。通过学习，读者将能够熟练地进行IP地址规划、子网划分，以及适应IPv6的网络环境。

Chapter1: Addressing and Subnetting

names to addresses. The internet module maps internet addresses to

local net addresses. It is the task of lower level (i.e., local net

or gateways) procedures to make the mapping from local net addresses

to routes.

Addresses are fixed length of four octets (32 bits). An address

begins with a network number, followed by local address (called the

"rest" field). There are three formats or classes of internet

addresses: in class a, the high order bit is zero, the next 7 bits

are the network, and the last 24 bits are the local address; in

class b, the high order two bits are one-zero, the next 14 bits are

the network and the last 16 bits are the local address; in class c,

the high order three bits are one-one-zero, the next 21 bits are the

network and the last 8 bits are the local address.

IPv4 addresses are expressed in dotted decimal notation. For example, a 32-bit address may look like this

in binary:

To make it easier to read, we take the 32-bit address and group it in blocks of eight bits like this:

Finally, we convert each eight-bit block to decimal and separate the decimal values with periods or

“dots”. The converted IPv4 address, expressed as a dotted decimal address, is:

It is certainly easier to remember that your IP address is 126.136.1.47 instead of remembering a string of

bits such as 01111110100010000000000100101111.

What Is a Network?

When talking about IP addressing, it is important to understand what the word “network” means. A

network is a group of computing devices connected together by some telecommunications medium. It

may be as small as a workgroup in the accounting department or as large as all of the computers in a

large company, such as General Motors. From an addressing perspective, all computers in a network

come under the administration of the same organization. If you want to send information to a computer,

you can identify the computer by its IP address and know that the IP address is assigned to a company.

The IP network can locate the computing resources of the company by locating the network. The network

is identified by a network number.

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Chapter1: Addressing and Subnetting

Class B

The next grouping of addresses is the class B group. Class B network addresses can be identified by a

unique bit pattern in the 32-bit address.

Figure 2.3 Class B address structure.

In Figure 2.3, you will see a 32-bit representation of a class B address. The first 16 bits of a class B

address indicate the network number. The remaining 16 bits can be modified by the administrative user

of the network address to represent addresses found on their “local” hosts. A class B address is identified

by the 10 in the first two bits.

With the first two bits of class B address containing 10, the class B network numbers begin at 128 and

end at 191. The second dotted decimal in a class B address is also part of the network number. A 16-bit

locally administered address space allows each class B network to contain 2

or 65,536 addresses. The

number of class B networks available for administration is 16,384.

Here is a list of class B network numbers:

137.55.0.0

129.33.0.0

190.254.0.0

150.0.0.0

168.30.0.0

Notice that these network numbers range between 128.0.0.0 and 191.255.0.0, the minimum and

maximum numbers, respectively. And remember that the first two dotted decimal numbers are included

in the network number since the network number in a class B address is 16 bits long.

Class C

The next grouping of addresses is the class C group. Class C network addresses can be identified by a

unique bit pattern in the 32bit address.

Figure 2.4 Class C address structure.

In Figure 2.4, you will see a 32-bit representation of a class C address. The first 24 bits of a class C

address indicate the network number. The remaining 8 bits can be modified by the administrative user of

the network address to represent addresses found on their “local” hosts. A class C address is identified by

the 110 in the first three bits.

With the first three bits of class C address containing 110, the class C network numbers begin at 192 and

end at 223. The second and third dotted decimals in a class C address are also part of the network

number. An 8-bit locally administered address space allows each class C network to contain 2

or 256

addresses. The number of class C networks available for administration is 2,097,152.

Here is a list of class C network numbers:

204.238.7.0

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