使用Perl自动化系统管理（第二版）

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"Automating System Administration with Perl 2nd Edition" 是一本由 David N. Blank-Edelman 编著，O'Reilly Media 出版的图书，主要关注如何使用 Perl 这种强大的编程语言来自动化系统管理任务。这本书的第二版在2009年5月发行，适合对Perl有一定了解并需要进行系统管理工作的读者。本书的核心知识点包括： 1. Perl编程语言：Perl是一种多用途的、解释型的脚本语言，特别适合文本处理和系统管理任务。书中会介绍Perl的基础语法、数据类型、控制结构以及模块的使用，帮助读者掌握利用Perl编写高效代码的技巧。 2. 系统自动化：书中详细讲解了如何用Perl来自动化日常的系统管理任务，如文件管理和监控、用户账户管理、日志分析、网络配置等，以提升工作效率和准确性。 3. Perl扩展库：Perl拥有丰富的模块库，例如CPAN（Comprehensive Perl Archive Network），这些模块覆盖了各种系统管理功能。书会介绍如何查找和使用这些模块来解决特定问题。 4. 跨平台应用：Perl是跨平台的语言，适用于多种操作系统，包括Unix/Linux、Windows等。书中的例子和技巧将展示如何在不同环境下使用Perl进行系统管理。 5. 错误处理和调试：良好的错误处理和调试能力对于系统管理员至关重要。书会介绍如何在Perl中有效地进行错误检查和调试，以确保脚本的健壮性。 6. 性能优化：书中还会探讨如何优化Perl脚本的运行效率，包括内存管理和代码优化技术，这对于处理大量数据或运行长时间的任务尤为关键。 7. 案例研究：书中可能包含实际的系统管理案例，通过这些案例，读者可以学习到如何将Perl应用到具体的系统管理场景中，提高解决问题的能力。 8. 版本控制和持续集成：现代系统管理往往涉及版本控制工具（如Git）和持续集成流程。书可能会涵盖这些现代实践，以帮助读者构建更高效的开发运维流程。 9. 脚本设计和最佳实践：书中将介绍编写可维护、可扩展的Perl脚本的最佳实践，包括模块化、文档编写和测试策略。 10. 社区和资源：Perl拥有活跃的开发者社区，书中可能引导读者如何参与讨论，获取帮助，以及贡献自己的代码和经验。《Automating System Administration with Perl 2nd Edition》是一本面向系统管理员和Perl爱好者的实用指南，它不仅教授Perl语言，更注重于如何将Perl应用于实际的系统管理工作中，提升工作效率。无论读者的Perl水平或系统管理经验如何，都能从中找到有价值的见解和工具。

Preface

Do you need tools for making your system administration work easier and more effi-

cient? You’ve come to the right place.

Perl is a powerful programming language that grew out of the traditional system

administration toolbox. Over the years it has adapted and expanded to meet the chal-

lenges of new operating systems and new tasks. If you know a little Perl, and you need

to perform system administration tasks, this is the right book for you. Readers with

varying levels of both Perl programming experience and system administration expe-

rience will all find something of use within these pages.

What’s New in This Edition?

A tremendous amount of work went into updating this book so it could be even better

than the first edition. Here’s some of what has been improved in the second edition:

New title

My editors and I realized that the material in this book was more about how to

automate your system administration work in ways that would make your working

life more efficient and pleasant than it was about Perl. While Perl is still the toolshed

that makes all this possible, it isn’t the main focus of the book.

New material

It’s hard to know where to begin on this one. The new edition is four chapters and

two appendixes bigger (with a total page count that is 50% greater) than the last

one. Included in this edition are a cornucopia of new tools and techniques that you

are going to love. I tried to add material on the things I wished I had sysadmin-

targeted material on, including: XML and YAML best practices (using XML::LibXML,

XML::Twig, and XPath); dealing with config files; more advanced LDAP topics

(including updated Net::LDAP information); email-related topics (including POP3/

IMAP, MIME, and spam); new ways of dealing with filesystems; more advanced

log file creation and parsing tools; DHCP; mapping/monitoring a network using

Nmap and other tools; packet creation and sniffing; information reporting using

tools like GraphViz, RRDtool, and Timeline; using SHA-2 instead of MD5;

SNMPv3; Mac OS X; converting VBScript code to Perl; geocoding; MP3 file

manipulation; using Google Maps; and so on.

New advice

Part of the value of this book is the advice you can pick up from an experienced

system administrator like me who has been doing this stuff for a long time and has

compared notes with many other seasoned veterans. This new edition is packed

with more sidebars to explain not only the what, but also the why behind the

material.

Operating system and software information updates

All of the text and code has been updated and augmented to work with the latest

versions of Unix- (including Linux and Mac OS X) and Windows-based operating

systems.

Module and code updates/improvements

The descriptions and code in this book match the latest versions of the modules

mentioned in the first edition. In cases where a module is no longer available or a

better alternative has emerged, the appropriate replacement modules have been

substituted. Also, all example code is now “use strict” friendly.

Errata corrected

I have attempted to address all of the errata I received from all of the printings of

the first edition. I appreciate the time readers took to report errors to O’Reilly and

me so I could fix them at each printing and in this edition. Special thanks go to

Andreas Karrer, the German translator for the first edition. Andi pored over every

single byte of the original text and submitted almost 200 (mostly layout-related)

corrections, all with good cheer.

How This Book Is Structured

Each chapter in this book addresses a different system administration domain and ends

with a list of the Perl modules used in that chapter and references to facilitate deeper

exploration of the information presented. The chapters are as follows:

Chapter 1, Introduction

This introductory chapter describes the material covered in the book in more detail,

explaining how it will serve you and what you need to get the most from it. The

material in this book is powerful and is meant to be used by powerful people (e.g.,

Unix superusers and Windows-based operating system administrators). The

introduction provides some important guidelines to help you write more secure

Perl programs.

Chapter 2, Filesystems

This chapter is about keeping multiplatform filesystems tidy and ensuring that they

are used properly. We’ll start by looking at the salient differences between the

native filesystems for each operating system. We’ll then explore the process of

xvi | Preface

intelligently walking or traversing filesystems from Perl and how that can be useful.

Finally, we’ll look at manipulating disk quotas from Perl.

Chapter 3, User Accounts

This chapter discusses how user accounts manifest themselves on two different

operating systems, including what is stored for each user and how to manipulate

the information from Perl. That leads into a discussion of a rudimentary account

system written in Perl. In the process of building this system, we’ll examine the

mechanisms necessary for recording accounts in a simple database, creating these

accounts, and deleting them.

Chapter 4, User Activity

Chapter 4 explores ways to automate tasks centered around user activity, intro-

ducing a number of ways to track and control process, file, and network operations

initiated by users. This chapter also presents various operating system-specific

frameworks and tools (e.g., Windows Management Instrumentation, GUI setup

tools, lsof, etc.) that are helpful for user-oriented tasks on different platforms.

Chapter 5, TCP/IP Name and Configuration Services

Name and configuration services allow hosts on a TCP/IP network to communicate

with each other amicably and to self-configure. This chapter takes a historical per-

spective by starting with host files, then moving on to the Network Information

Service (NIS) and finally to the glue of the Internet, the Domain Name Service

(DNS). Each step of the way, it shows how Perl can make professional management

of these services easier. We’ll also explore how to work with the Dynamic Host

Configuration Protocol (DHCP) from Perl in this chapter.

Chapter 6, Working with Configuration Files

Almost every system or software package we touch relies heavily on configuration

files to be useful in our environment. This chapter explores the tools that make

writing and reading those files from Perl easy. We’ll look at various formats, with

special attention paid to XML and the current best practices for working with it

using Perl.

Chapter 7, SQL Database Administration

Over time, more uses for relational databases are being found in the system ad-

ministration realm. As a result, system administrators need to become familiar with

SQL database administration. This chapter explains DBI, the preeminent SQL

database framework for Perl, and provides examples of it in action for database

administration.

Chapter 8, Email

This chapter demonstrates how Perl can make better use of email as a system ad-

ministration tool. After discussing sending via SMTP (including MIME-based

HTML messages), receiving via POP3/IMAP, and parsing via Perl, we’ll explore

several interesting applications, including tools for analyzing unsolicited commer-

cial email (a.k.a. spam) and managing tech support emails.

Preface | xvii

Chapter 9, Directory Services

As the complexity of the information we deal with increases over time, so does the

importance of the directory services we use to access that information. System

administrators are increasingly being called upon not only to use these services,

but also to build tools for their management. This chapter discusses some of the

more popular directory service protocols/frameworks, such as LDAP and ADSI,

and shows you how to work with them from Perl.

Chapter 10, Log Files

System administrators are often awash in a sea of log files. Every machine, operating

system, and program can (and often does) log information. This chapter looks at

the logging systems offered by Unix- and Windows-based operating systems and

discusses approaches for analyzing logging information so it can work for you.

Chapter 11, Security

This chapter heads right into the maelstrom called “security,” demonstrating how

Perl can make hosts and networks more secure.

Chapter 12, SNMP

This chapter is devoted to the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). It

illustrates how to use this protocol to communicate with network devices (both to

poll and to receive trap information).

Chapter 13, Network Mapping and Monitoring

Perl offers some excellent tools for the mapping and monitoring of networks. In

this chapter, we’ll look at several ways to discover the hosts on the network and

the services they offer. We’ll then explore helpful graphical and textual ways to

present the information collected, including some of the best tools for graphing

and charting the data (such as GraphViz and RRDtool).

Chapter 14, Experiential Learning

This is the chapter you don’t want your boss to catch you reading.

Appendixes

Some of the chapters assume basic knowledge about topics with which you may

not be familiar. For those who are new to these subjects, this book includes several

mini-tutorials to bring you up to speed quickly. The appendixes provide introduc-

tions to the eXtensible Markup Language (XML), the XML Path Language (XPath),

the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP), the Structured Query Lan-

guage (SQL), the Revision Control System (RCS), translating VBScript to Perl, and

SNMP.

xviii | Preface

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