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首页MySQL 8.0参考手册
"MySQL 8.0 Reference Manual, 包含MySQL NDB Cluster 8.0"
MySQL 8.0是世界上最流行的开源关系型数据库管理系统(RDBMS)的一个重大更新版本,提供了许多新特性和改进,旨在提升性能、可扩展性、安全性和易用性。该参考手册详细记录了MySQL 8.0的所有功能,直至8.0.19的更新,同时也涵盖了基于NDB 8.0的NDB Cluster版本,直到8.0.18-ndb-8.0.18。
### 主要特性
1. 增强的数据类型与存储引擎:MySQL 8.0引入了对JSON数据类型的原生支持,允许存储和查询非结构化数据。InnoDB存储引擎也得到了显著优化,包括更好的行格式、更快的索引操作和更高效的事务处理。
2. 窗口函数:新添加的窗口函数提供了一种在分组数据上进行复杂分析的新方法,例如计算排名、移动平均或累计总和。
3. 通用表表达式(Common Table Expressions, CTEs):CTEs允许在SQL查询中创建临时的结果集,提高了复杂查询的可读性和维护性。
4. 动态分区:MySQL 8.0支持动态分区,使得在插入数据时可以自动地按指定条件分区,简化了大型数据表的管理。
5. 改进的复制功能:MySQL 8.0提供了增强的复制选项,如GTID(全局事务标识符)复制,确保了复制的准确性和可靠性。
6. 增强的安全性:引入了更强大的身份验证方法,如caching_sha2_password,以及更严格的默认安全性设置,如帐户锁定策略和强制密码策略。
7. 性能优化器改进:优化器现在能更好地分析查询计划,以选择最优执行路径,从而提高查询性能。
### 版本发布信息
手册中可能包含未发布的特性描述,用户应参考MySQL 8.0的发布说明来了解已正式发布的版本特性。MySQL 8.0的发布说明详细记录了每个版本的更改和新增功能,是跟踪数据库更新的重要参考资料。
### 兼容性和许可证
请注意,不是所有MySQL 8.0的特性都包含在每个发行版中。某些特性可能只存在于特定的商业版本中。因此,对于具体包含哪些特性,用户应参照其MySQL 8.0的许可协议或联系Oracle销售代表以获取详细信息。
### 社区支持
对于使用MySQL遇到的问题,用户可以在MySQL论坛寻求帮助,这是一个互动平台,用户可以与其他MySQL用户交流并讨论问题。
### 法律信息
该手册附带的前言和法律通知部分包含了重要的许可信息,用户在使用MySQL时应遵守这些规定。
总结,MySQL 8.0 Reference Manual是开发人员、数据库管理员和系统管理员的重要参考资料,它详尽阐述了MySQL 8.0及NDB Cluster 8.0的特性和操作,对于理解和利用这些先进功能至关重要。
MySQL 8.0 Reference Manual
xvi
15.17 InnoDB Backup and Recovery ................................................................................ 2840
15.17.1 InnoDB Backup ........................................................................................... 2841
15.17.2 InnoDB Recovery ........................................................................................ 2841
15.18 InnoDB and MySQL Replication ............................................................................. 2844
15.19 InnoDB memcached Plugin .................................................................................... 2846
15.19.1 Benefits of the InnoDB memcached Plugin ................................................... 2846
15.19.2 InnoDB memcached Architecture ................................................................. 2847
15.19.3 Setting Up the InnoDB memcached Plugin ................................................... 2851
15.19.4 InnoDB memcached Multiple get and Range Query Support .......................... 2856
15.19.5 Security Considerations for the InnoDB memcached Plugin ........................... 2859
15.19.6 Writing Applications for the InnoDB memcached Plugin ................................. 2860
15.19.7 The InnoDB memcached Plugin and Replication ........................................... 2873
15.19.8 InnoDB memcached Plugin Internals ............................................................ 2876
15.19.9 Troubleshooting the InnoDB memcached Plugin ........................................... 2880
15.20 InnoDB Troubleshooting ......................................................................................... 2882
15.20.1 Troubleshooting InnoDB I/O Problems ......................................................... 2883
15.20.2 Forcing InnoDB Recovery ........................................................................... 2883
15.20.3 Troubleshooting InnoDB Data Dictionary Operations ..................................... 2885
15.20.4 InnoDB Error Handling ................................................................................ 2886
16 Alternative Storage Engines ................................................................................................ 2889
16.1 Setting the Storage Engine ...................................................................................... 2892
16.2 The MyISAM Storage Engine ................................................................................... 2893
16.2.1 MyISAM Startup Options ............................................................................... 2896
16.2.2 Space Needed for Keys ................................................................................ 2898
16.2.3 MyISAM Table Storage Formats .................................................................... 2898
16.2.4 MyISAM Table Problems ............................................................................... 2900
16.3 The MEMORY Storage Engine ................................................................................ 2902
16.4 The CSV Storage Engine ........................................................................................ 2906
16.4.1 Repairing and Checking CSV Tables ............................................................. 2907
16.4.2 CSV Limitations ............................................................................................ 2908
16.5 The ARCHIVE Storage Engine ................................................................................. 2908
16.6 The BLACKHOLE Storage Engine ........................................................................... 2909
16.7 The MERGE Storage Engine ................................................................................... 2912
16.7.1 MERGE Table Advantages and Disadvantages .............................................. 2914
16.7.2 MERGE Table Problems ............................................................................... 2915
16.8 The FEDERATED Storage Engine ........................................................................... 2916
16.8.1 FEDERATED Storage Engine Overview ......................................................... 2917
16.8.2 How to Create FEDERATED Tables .............................................................. 2918
16.8.3 FEDERATED Storage Engine Notes and Tips ................................................ 2920
16.8.4 FEDERATED Storage Engine Resources ....................................................... 2922
16.9 The EXAMPLE Storage Engine ................................................................................ 2922
16.10 Other Storage Engines .......................................................................................... 2922
16.11 Overview of MySQL Storage Engine Architecture .................................................... 2922
16.11.1 Pluggable Storage Engine Architecture ........................................................ 2923
16.11.2 The Common Database Server Layer .......................................................... 2923
17 Replication ......................................................................................................................... 2925
17.1 Configuring Replication ............................................................................................ 2926
17.1.1 Binary Log File Position Based Replication Configuration Overview ................. 2927
17.1.2 Setting Up Binary Log File Position Based Replication .................................... 2927
17.1.3 Replication with Global Transaction Identifiers ................................................ 2938
17.1.4 MySQL Multi-Source Replication ................................................................... 2958
17.1.5 Changing Replication Modes on Online Servers ............................................. 2962
17.1.6 Replication and Binary Logging Options and Variables .................................... 2967
17.1.7 Common Replication Administration Tasks ..................................................... 3064
17.2 Replication Implementation ...................................................................................... 3067
17.2.1 Replication Formats ...................................................................................... 3067
17.2.2 Replication Implementation Details ................................................................ 3075
17.2.3 Replication Channels .................................................................................... 3076
MySQL 8.0 Reference Manual
xvii
17.2.4 Replication Relay and Status Logs ................................................................ 3080
17.2.5 How Servers Evaluate Replication Filtering Rules ........................................... 3085
17.3 Replication Solutions ............................................................................................... 3092
17.3.1 Using Replication for Backups ....................................................................... 3093
17.3.2 Handling an Unexpected Halt of a Replication Slave ....................................... 3096
17.3.3 Monitoring Row-based Replication ................................................................. 3098
17.3.4 Using Replication with Different Master and Slave Storage Engines ................. 3099
17.3.5 Using Replication for Scale-Out ..................................................................... 3100
17.3.6 Replicating Different Databases to Different Slaves ........................................ 3101
17.3.7 Improving Replication Performance ................................................................ 3102
17.3.8 Switching Masters During Failover ................................................................. 3103
17.3.9 Setting Up Replication to Use Encrypted Connections .................................... 3105
17.3.10 Encrypting Binary Log Files and Relay Log Files .......................................... 3108
17.3.11 Semisynchronous Replication ...................................................................... 3111
17.3.12 Delayed Replication .................................................................................... 3117
17.4 Replication Notes and Tips ...................................................................................... 3119
17.4.1 Replication Features and Issues .................................................................... 3119
17.4.2 Replication Compatibility Between MySQL Versions ....................................... 3144
17.4.3 Upgrading a Replication Setup ...................................................................... 3145
17.4.4 Troubleshooting Replication .......................................................................... 3146
17.4.5 How to Report Replication Bugs or Problems ................................................. 3147
18 Group Replication .............................................................................................................. 3149
18.1 Group Replication Background ................................................................................. 3150
18.1.1 Replication Technologies ............................................................................... 3151
18.1.2 Group Replication Use Cases ....................................................................... 3152
18.1.3 Group Replication Details .............................................................................. 3153
18.2 Getting Started ........................................................................................................ 3154
18.2.1 Deploying Group Replication in Single-Primary Mode ...................................... 3154
18.3 Monitoring Group Replication ................................................................................... 3166
18.3.1 Group Replication Server States .................................................................... 3166
18.3.2 The replication_group_members Table .......................................................... 3167
18.3.3 The replication_group_member_stats Table ................................................... 3168
18.4 Group Replication Operations .................................................................................. 3168
18.4.1 Deploying in Multi-Primary or Single-Primary Mode ......................................... 3168
18.4.2 Configuring an Online Group ......................................................................... 3170
18.4.3 Transaction Consistency Guarantees ............................................................. 3174
18.4.4 Tuning Recovery .......................................................................................... 3180
18.4.5 Network Partitioning ...................................................................................... 3182
18.4.6 Support For IPv6 And For Mixed IPv6 And IPv4 Groups ................................. 3186
18.4.7 Using MySQL Enterprise Backup with Group Replication ................................ 3188
18.5 Group Replication Security ....................................................................................... 3194
18.5.1 Group Replication IP Address Whitelisting ..................................................... 3194
18.5.2 Group Replication Secure Socket Layer (SSL) Support ................................... 3196
18.6 Group Replication Performance ................................................................................ 3199
18.6.1 Fine Tuning the Group Communication Thread .............................................. 3200
18.6.2 Flow Control ................................................................................................. 3200
18.6.3 Message Compression .................................................................................. 3201
18.6.4 Message Fragmentation ................................................................................ 3203
18.6.5 XCom Cache Management ........................................................................... 3204
18.6.6 Responses to Failure Detection and Network Partitioning ................................ 3204
18.7 Upgrading Group Replication ................................................................................... 3207
18.7.1 Group Replication Offline Upgrade ................................................................ 3207
18.7.2 Group Replication Online Upgrade ................................................................ 3207
18.8 Group Replication System Variables ......................................................................... 3212
18.9 Requirements and Limitations .................................................................................. 3241
18.9.1 Group Replication Requirements ................................................................... 3241
18.9.2 Group Replication Limitations ........................................................................ 3243
18.10 Frequently Asked Questions ................................................................................... 3245
MySQL 8.0 Reference Manual
xviii
18.11 Group Replication Technical Details ....................................................................... 3249
18.11.1 Group Replication Plugin Architecture .......................................................... 3249
18.11.2 The Group .................................................................................................. 3251
18.11.3 Data Manipulation Statements ..................................................................... 3251
18.11.4 Data Definition Statements .......................................................................... 3251
18.11.5 Distributed Recovery ................................................................................... 3252
18.11.6 Observability ............................................................................................... 3258
19 MySQL Shell ...................................................................................................................... 3261
20 Using MySQL as a Document Store ................................................................................... 3263
20.1 Interfaces to a MySQL Document Store .................................................................... 3264
20.2 Document Store Concepts ....................................................................................... 3264
20.3 JavaScript Quick-Start Guide: MySQL Shell for Document Store ................................ 3265
20.3.1 Import Database Sample ............................................................................... 3265
20.3.2 MySQL Shell ................................................................................................ 3266
20.3.3 Documents and Collections ........................................................................... 3268
20.3.4 Relational Tables .......................................................................................... 3278
20.3.5 Documents in Tables .................................................................................... 3284
20.4 Python Quick-Start Guide: MySQL Shell for Document Store ..................................... 3285
20.4.1 Import Database Sample ............................................................................... 3285
20.4.2 MySQL Shell ................................................................................................ 3286
20.4.3 Documents and Collections ........................................................................... 3288
20.4.4 Relational Tables .......................................................................................... 3298
20.4.5 Documents in Tables .................................................................................... 3304
20.5 X Plugin .................................................................................................................. 3305
20.5.1 Checking X Plugin Installation ....................................................................... 3305
20.5.2 Disabling X Plugin ........................................................................................ 3305
20.5.3 Using Secure Connections with X Plugin ....................................................... 3305
20.5.4 Using X Plugin with the Caching SHA-2 Authentication Plugin ......................... 3306
20.5.5 X Plugin Options and Variables ..................................................................... 3306
20.5.6 Monitoring X Plugin ...................................................................................... 3317
21 InnoDB Cluster ................................................................................................................... 3323
21.1 Introducing InnoDB Cluster ...................................................................................... 3323
21.2 Creating an InnoDB Cluster ..................................................................................... 3325
21.2.1 Deployment Scenarios .................................................................................. 3325
21.2.2 InnoDB Cluster Requirements ....................................................................... 3326
21.2.3 Methods of Installing ..................................................................................... 3326
21.2.4 Production Deployment of InnoDB Cluster ..................................................... 3327
21.2.5 Sandbox Deployment of InnoDB Cluster ........................................................ 3336
21.2.6 Adopting a Group Replication Deployment ..................................................... 3339
21.3 Using MySQL Router with InnoDB Cluster ................................................................ 3340
21.4 Working with InnoDB Cluster ................................................................................... 3343
21.5 Known Limitations ................................................................................................... 3368
22 MySQL NDB Cluster 8.0 .................................................................................................... 3369
22.1 NDB Cluster Overview ............................................................................................. 3373
22.1.1 NDB Cluster Core Concepts .......................................................................... 3374
22.1.2 NDB Cluster Nodes, Node Groups, Replicas, and Partitions ............................ 3377
22.1.3 NDB Cluster Hardware, Software, and Networking Requirements .................... 3379
22.1.4 What is New in NDB Cluster ......................................................................... 3381
22.1.5 Options, Variables, and Parameters Added, Deprecated or Removed in NDB
8.0 .......................................................................................................................... 3387
22.1.6 MySQL Server Using InnoDB Compared with NDB Cluster ............................. 3388
22.1.7 Known Limitations of NDB Cluster ................................................................. 3391
22.2 NDB Cluster Installation ........................................................................................... 3401
22.2.1 The NDB Cluster Auto-Installer ...................................................................... 3403
22.2.2 Installation of NDB Cluster on Linux .............................................................. 3424
22.2.3 Installing NDB Cluster on Windows ............................................................... 3432
22.2.4 Initial Configuration of NDB Cluster ............................................................... 3441
22.2.5 Initial Startup of NDB Cluster ........................................................................ 3443
MySQL 8.0 Reference Manual
xix
22.2.6 NDB Cluster Example with Tables and Data .................................................. 3444
22.2.7 Safe Shutdown and Restart of NDB Cluster ................................................... 3447
22.2.8 Upgrading and Downgrading NDB Cluster ..................................................... 3448
22.3 Configuration of NDB Cluster ................................................................................... 3449
22.3.1 Quick Test Setup of NDB Cluster .................................................................. 3449
22.3.2 Overview of NDB Cluster Configuration Parameters, Options, and Variables ..... 3451
22.3.3 NDB Cluster Configuration Files .................................................................... 3470
22.3.4 Using High-Speed Interconnects with NDB Cluster ......................................... 3649
22.4 NDB Cluster Programs ............................................................................................ 3649
22.4.1 ndbd — The NDB Cluster Data Node Daemon .............................................. 3650
22.4.2 ndbinfo_select_all — Select From ndbinfo Tables .................................. 3657
22.4.3 ndbmtd — The NDB Cluster Data Node Daemon (Multi-Threaded) ................. 3659
22.4.4 ndb_mgmd — The NDB Cluster Management Server Daemon ......................... 3660
22.4.5 ndb_mgm — The NDB Cluster Management Client ......................................... 3668
22.4.6 ndb_blob_tool — Check and Repair BLOB and TEXT columns of NDB
Cluster Tables ......................................................................................................... 3670
22.4.7 ndb_config — Extract NDB Cluster Configuration Information ...................... 3672
22.4.8 ndb_delete_all — Delete All Rows from an NDB Table ............................. 3681
22.4.9 ndb_desc — Describe NDB Tables .............................................................. 3682
22.4.10 ndb_drop_index — Drop Index from an NDB Table ................................... 3688
22.4.11 ndb_drop_table — Drop an NDB Table ................................................... 3689
22.4.12 ndb_error_reporter — NDB Error-Reporting Utility ................................. 3689
22.4.13 ndb_import — Import CSV Data Into NDB ................................................ 3691
22.4.14 ndb_index_stat — NDB Index Statistics Utility ......................................... 3704
22.4.15 ndb_move_data — NDB Data Copy Utility ................................................. 3709
22.4.16 ndb_perror — Obtain NDB Error Message Information .............................. 3712
22.4.17 ndb_print_backup_file — Print NDB Backup File Contents ................... 3714
22.4.18 ndb_print_file — Print NDB Disk Data File Contents .............................. 3714
22.4.19 ndb_print_frag_file — Print NDB Fragment List File Contents .............. 3715
22.4.20 ndb_print_schema_file — Print NDB Schema File Contents .................. 3715
22.4.21 ndb_print_sys_file — Print NDB System File Contents ......................... 3716
22.4.22 ndb_redo_log_reader — Check and Print Content of Cluster Redo Log .... 3716
22.4.23 ndb_restore — Restore an NDB Cluster Backup ....................................... 3719
22.4.24 ndb_select_all — Print Rows from an NDB Table ................................... 3740
22.4.25 ndb_select_count — Print Row Counts for NDB Tables ........................... 3743
22.4.26 ndb_setup.py — Start browser-based Auto-Installer for NDB Cluster .......... 3744
22.4.27 ndb_show_tables — Display List of NDB Tables ....................................... 3748
22.4.28 ndb_size.pl — NDBCLUSTER Size Requirement Estimator ...................... 3749
22.4.29 ndb_top — View CPU usage information for NDB threads ........................... 3752
22.4.30 ndb_waiter — Wait for NDB Cluster to Reach a Given Status ..................... 3757
22.4.31 Options Common to NDB Cluster Programs — Options Common to NDB
Cluster Programs .................................................................................................... 3760
22.5 Management of NDB Cluster ................................................................................... 3765
22.5.1 Summary of NDB Cluster Start Phases .......................................................... 3766
22.5.2 Commands in the NDB Cluster Management Client ........................................ 3767
22.5.3 Online Backup of NDB Cluster ...................................................................... 3772
22.5.4 MySQL Server Usage for NDB Cluster .......................................................... 3777
22.5.5 Performing a Rolling Restart of an NDB Cluster ............................................. 3779
22.5.6 Event Reports Generated in NDB Cluster ...................................................... 3781
22.5.7 NDB Cluster Log Messages .......................................................................... 3791
22.5.8 NDB Cluster Single User Mode ..................................................................... 3806
22.5.9 Quick Reference: NDB Cluster SQL Statements ............................................. 3807
22.5.10 ndbinfo: The NDB Cluster Information Database ........................................... 3810
22.5.11 INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables for NDB Cluster ....................................... 3857
22.5.12 NDB Cluster Security Issues ....................................................................... 3858
22.5.13 NDB Cluster Disk Data Tables .................................................................... 3864
22.5.14 Online Operations with ALTER TABLE in NDB Cluster .................................. 3872
22.5.15 Adding NDB Cluster Data Nodes Online ...................................................... 3875
MySQL 8.0 Reference Manual
xx
22.5.16 Distributed MySQL Privileges (Not Supported) .............................................. 3886
22.5.17 NDB API Statistics Counters and Variables .................................................. 3886
22.6 NDB Cluster Replication .......................................................................................... 3897
22.6.1 NDB Cluster Replication: Abbreviations and Symbols ..................................... 3898
22.6.2 General Requirements for NDB Cluster Replication ........................................ 3899
22.6.3 Known Issues in NDB Cluster Replication ...................................................... 3900
22.6.4 NDB Cluster Replication Schema and Tables ................................................. 3906
22.6.5 Preparing the NDB Cluster for Replication ..................................................... 3908
22.6.6 Starting NDB Cluster Replication (Single Replication Channel) ........................ 3910
22.6.7 Using Two Replication Channels for NDB Cluster Replication .......................... 3912
22.6.8 Implementing Failover with NDB Cluster Replication ....................................... 3913
22.6.9 NDB Cluster Backups With NDB Cluster Replication ....................................... 3914
22.6.10 NDB Cluster Replication: Multi-Master and Circular Replication ...................... 3920
22.6.11 NDB Cluster Replication Conflict Resolution ................................................. 3924
22.7 NDB Cluster Release Notes ..................................................................................... 3938
23 Partitioning ......................................................................................................................... 3939
23.1 Overview of Partitioning in MySQL ........................................................................... 3940
23.2 Partitioning Types .................................................................................................... 3943
23.2.1 RANGE Partitioning ...................................................................................... 3944
23.2.2 LIST Partitioning ........................................................................................... 3949
23.2.3 COLUMNS Partitioning ................................................................................. 3951
23.2.4 HASH Partitioning ......................................................................................... 3958
23.2.5 KEY Partitioning ........................................................................................... 3961
23.2.6 Subpartitioning .............................................................................................. 3963
23.2.7 How MySQL Partitioning Handles NULL ........................................................ 3965
23.3 Partition Management .............................................................................................. 3969
23.3.1 Management of RANGE and LIST Partitions .................................................. 3970
23.3.2 Management of HASH and KEY Partitions ..................................................... 3976
23.3.3 Exchanging Partitions and Subpartitions with Tables ....................................... 3977
23.3.4 Maintenance of Partitions .............................................................................. 3984
23.3.5 Obtaining Information About Partitions ........................................................... 3986
23.4 Partition Pruning ...................................................................................................... 3988
23.5 Partition Selection .................................................................................................... 3991
23.6 Restrictions and Limitations on Partitioning ............................................................... 3996
23.6.1 Partitioning Keys, Primary Keys, and Unique Keys ......................................... 4001
23.6.2 Partitioning Limitations Relating to Storage Engines ........................................ 4005
23.6.3 Partitioning Limitations Relating to Functions .................................................. 4006
24 Stored Objects ................................................................................................................... 4009
24.1 Defining Stored Programs ........................................................................................ 4010
24.2 Using Stored Routines ............................................................................................. 4011
24.2.1 Stored Routine Syntax .................................................................................. 4012
24.2.2 Stored Routines and MySQL Privileges ......................................................... 4012
24.2.3 Stored Routine Metadata .............................................................................. 4013
24.2.4 Stored Procedures, Functions, Triggers, and LAST_INSERT_ID() .................... 4013
24.3 Using Triggers ......................................................................................................... 4013
24.3.1 Trigger Syntax and Examples ........................................................................ 4014
24.3.2 Trigger Metadata .......................................................................................... 4017
24.4 Using the Event Scheduler ...................................................................................... 4018
24.4.1 Event Scheduler Overview ............................................................................ 4018
24.4.2 Event Scheduler Configuration ...................................................................... 4019
24.4.3 Event Syntax ................................................................................................ 4021
24.4.4 Event Metadata ............................................................................................ 4021
24.4.5 Event Scheduler Status ................................................................................. 4022
24.4.6 The Event Scheduler and MySQL Privileges .................................................. 4023
24.5 Using Views ............................................................................................................ 4025
24.5.1 View Syntax ................................................................................................. 4026
24.5.2 View Processing Algorithms .......................................................................... 4026
24.5.3 Updatable and Insertable Views .................................................................... 4027
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