Intel Microprocessors: 8086 to Core2 with 64-Bit Extensions

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"这是一本关于微机原理的英文原著，涵盖了从早期的Intel 8086/8088到现代的Core2处理器，包括80186/80188、80286、80386、80486、Pentium、Pentium Pro、Pentium II、Pentium III以及Pentium 4等微处理器。这本书主要探讨了这些处理器的架构、编程和接口技术，并且涉及了64位扩展的相关内容。适合计算机科学和工程领域的学习者及专业人士参考。" 该书详细介绍了Intel微处理器的发展历程和各代处理器的核心特性，旨在帮助读者理解微处理器的工作原理和设计思想。8086/8088是Intel公司推出的16位处理器，是个人计算机历史上的重要里程碑，而80186/80188则是在8086基础上的增强版，增加了内存管理和中断处理能力。80286是第一款支持保护模式的处理器，为后来的32位架构奠定了基础。 80386（也称为i386）是Intel的首款32位处理器，它引入了虚拟地址空间和多任务处理能力。80486（i486）在性能上有了显著提升，集成了更多的功能单元。Pentium系列处理器则是从586开始的高性能处理器，Pentium Pro引入了超标量和动态执行技术，提升了处理效率。Pentium II和Pentium III进一步优化了处理速度和多媒体处理能力。Pentium 4则采用了NetBurst架构，追求更高的时钟频率。最后，Core2处理器代表了Intel向低功耗、高性能的转变，引入了Core微架构。书中不仅涉及了处理器的硬件架构，还深入讨论了x86汇编语言编程，这是理解处理器工作原理的关键。同时，还涵盖了与C和C++编程语言的接口，以及DMA（直接存储器访问）技术，这对于系统级编程和设备驱动开发至关重要。DMA允许外部设备直接与内存交换数据，无需CPU介入，提高了数据传输效率。此外，这本书还可能包含有关计算机系统的其他接口技术，如总线结构、输入输出系统、中断系统、存储器管理等。读者通过阅读可以深入理解计算机硬件与软件之间的交互，以及如何优化程序以充分利用硬件资源。这是一本全面介绍Intel微处理器的权威著作，对于计算机科学的学习者和专业人士来说，是深入理解和掌握微处理器技术的重要参考资料。

11–7 Summary 446
11–8 Questions and Problems 448
CHAPTER 12 INTERRUPTS 451
Introduction/Chapter Objectives 451
12–1 Basic Interrupt Processing 451
The Purpose of Interrupts 451; Interrupts 452; Interrupt Instructions: BOUND, INTO,
INT, INT 3, and IRET 455; The Operation of a Real Mode Interrupt 455; Operation of a
Protected Mode Interrupt 456; Interrupt Flag Bits 457; Storing an Interrupt Vector in the
Vector Table 458
12–2 Hardware Interrupts 459
INTR and  461; The 82C55 Keyboard Interrupt 462
12–3 Expanding the Interrupt Structure 465
Using the 74ALS244 to Expand Interrupts 465; Daisy-Chained Interrupt 466
12–4 8259A Programmable Interrupt Controller 468
General Description of the 8259A 468; Connecting a Single 8259A 469; Cascading
Multiple 8259As 469; Programming the 8259A 469; 8259A Programming Example 475
12–5 Interrupt Examples 481
Real-Time Clock 482; Interrupt-Processed Keyboard 484
12–6 Summary 487
12–7 Questions and Problems 488
CHAPTER 13 DIRECT MEMORY ACCESS AND DMA-CONTROLLED I/O 490
Introduction/Chapter Objectives 490
13–1 Basic DMA Operation 490
Basic DMA Definitions 491
13–2 The 8237 DMA Controller 492
Pin Definitions  492; Internal Registers 494; Software Commands 497; 
Programming the Address and Count Registers 498; The 8237 Connected 
to the 80X86 Microprocessor 498; Memory-to-Memory Transfer with 
the 8237 499; DMA-Processed Printer Interface 504
13–3 Shared-Bus Operation 506
Types of Buses Defined 507; The Bus Arbiter 509; Pin Definitions 509
13–4 Disk Memory Systems 513
Floppy Disk Memory 513; Pen Drives 517; Hard Disk Memory 518; 
Optical Disk Memory 521
13–5 Video Displays 522
Video Signals 522; The TTL RGB Monitor 523; The Analog RGB Monitor 524
13–6 Summary 529
13–7 Questions and Problems 529
CHAPTER 14 THE ARITHMETIC COPROCESSOR, MMX, AND SIMD TECHNOLOGIES 531
Introduction/Chapter Objectives 531
14–1 Data Formats for the Arithmetic Coprocessor 532
Signed Integers 532; Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD) 533; Floating-Point 533
14–2 The 80X87 Architecture 536
Internal Structure of the 80X87 536
14–3 Instruction Set 541
Data Transfer Instructions 541; Arithmetic Instructions 543; Comparison Instructions 544;
Transcendental Operations 545; Constant Operations 546; Coprocessor Control
Instructions 546; Coprocessor Instructions 548
14–4 Programming with the Arithmetic Coprocessor 565
Calculating the Area of a Circle 565; Finding the Resonant Frequency 566; Finding the
Roots Using the Quadratic Equation 566; Using a Memory Array to Store Results 567;
Converting a Single-Precision Floating-Point Number to a String 568
INTA
CONTENTS xv

14–5 Introduction to MMX Technology 570
Data Types 570; Instruction Set 571
14–6 Introduction to SSE Technology 581
Floating-Point Data 582; The Instruction Set 583; The Control/Status Register 584;
Programming Examples 584; Optimization 587
14–7 Summary 587
14–8 Questions and Problems 589
CHAPTER 15 BUS INTERFACE 592
Introduction/Chapter Objectives 592
15–1 The ISA Bus 592
xvi CONTENTS
CHAPTER 16 THE 80186, 80188, AND 80286 MICROPROCESSORS 627
Introduction/Chapter Objectives 627
16–1 80186/80188 Architecture 627
Versions of the 80186/80188 628; 80186 Basic Block Diagram 628; 80186/80188 Basic
Features 629; Pin-Out 631; DC Operating Characteristics 634; 80186/80188 Timing 634
16–2 Programming the 80186/80188 Enhancements 637
Peripheral Control Block 637; Interrupts in the 80186/80188 638; Interrupt Controller 638;
Timers 643; DMA Controller 649; Chip Selection Unit 651
16–3 80C188EB Example Interface 655
16–4 Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS) 662
What Is a Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)? 662; An Example System 663; 
A Threaded System 666
16–5 Introduction to the 80286 670
Hardware Features 670; Additional Instructions 672; The Virtual Memory Machine 674
16–6 Summary 674
16–7 Questions and Problems 675
CHAPTER 17 THE 80386 AND 80486 MICROPROCESSORS 677
Introduction/Chapter Objectives 677
17–1 Introduction to the 80386 Microprocessor 678
The Memory System 681; The Input/Output System 687; Memory and I/O Control
Signals 688; Timing 689; Wait States 691
17–2 Special 80386 Registers 692
Control Registers 692; Debug and Test Registers 693
17–3 80386 Memory Management 695
Descriptors and Selectors 695; Descriptor Tables 698; The Task State Segment (TSS) 700
17–4 Moving to Protected Mode 702
Evolution of the ISA Bus 593; The 8-Bit ISA Bus Output Interface 593; The 8-Bit ISA
Bus Input Interface 598; The 16-Bit ISA Bus 601
15–2 The Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Bus 602
The PCI Bus Pin-Out 603; The PCI Address/Data Connections 603; 
Configuration Space 605; BIOS for PCI 607; PCI Interface 610; PCI Express Bus 610
15–3 The Parallel Printer Interface (LPT)  612
Port Details 612; Using the Parallel Port Without ECP Support 614
15–4 The Serial COM Ports 614
Communication Control 615
15–5 The Universal Serial Bus (USB) 617
The Connector 617; USB Data 617; USB Commands 618; The USB Bus Node 620;
Software for the USBN9604/3 621
15–6 Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) 623
15–7 Summary 624
15–8 Questions and Problems 625

17–5 Virtual 8086 Mode 712
17–6 The Memory Paging Mechanism 713
The Page Directory 714 The Page Table 715
17–7 Introduction to the 80486 Microprocessor 718
Pin-Out of the 80486DX and 80486SX Microprocessors 718; Pin Definitions 718; 
Basic 80486 Architecture 722; 80486 Memory System 723
17–8 Summary 726
17–9 Questions and Problems 727
CHAPTER 18 THE PENTIUM AND PENTIUM PRO MICROPROCESSORS 729
Introduction/Chapter Objectives 729
18–1 Introduction to the Pentium Microprocessor 730
The Memory System 734; Input/Output System 735; System Timing 735; 
Branch Prediction Logic 738; Cache Structure 738; Superscalar Architecture 738
18–2 Special Pentium Registers 738
Control Registers 738; EFLAG Register 739; Built-In Self-Test (BIST) 740
18–3 Pentium Memory Management 740
Paging Unit 740; Memory-Management Mode 740
18–4 New Pentium Instructions 742
18–5 Introduction to the Pentium Pro Microprocessor 747
Internal Structure of the Pentium Pro 748; Pin Connections 750; The Memory System 754;
Input/Output System 755; System Timing 755
18–6 Special Pentium Pro Features 756
Control Register 4 756
18–7 Summary 757
18–8 Questions and Problems 758
CHAPTER 19 THE PENTIUM II, PENTIUM III, PENTIUM 4, AND CORE2 MICROPROCESSORS 759
Introduction/Chapter Objectives 759
19–1 Introduction to the Pentium II Microprocessor 760
The Memory System 765; Input/Output System 767; System Timing 768
19–2 Pentium II Software Changes 768
CPUID Instruction 768; SYSENTER and SYSEXIT Instructions 769; 
FXSAVE and FXRSTOR Instructions 770
19–3 The Pentium III 770
Chip Sets 770; Bus 771; Pin-Out 771
19–4 The Pentium 4 and Core2 771
Memory Interface 772; Register Set 773; Hyper-Threading Technology 775; 
Multiple Core Technology 776; CPUID 776; Model-Specific Registers 779; 
Performance-Monitoring Registers 780; 64-Bit Extension Technology 780
19–5 Summary 782
19–6 Questions and Problems 783
APPENDIX A: THE ASSEMBLER, VISUAL C++, AND DOS 785
The Assembler 785
Assembler Memory Models 786
Selected DOS Function Calls 787
Using Visual C++ 790
Create a Dialog Application 791
APPENDIX B: INSTRUCTION SET SUMMARY 794
Instruction Set Summary 798
SIMD Instruction Set Summary 881
CONTENTS xvii