LDAP初学者指南：SunONE/SunJava系统目录服务器

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"初学者指南：LDAP.pdf" 这是一份针对初学者的 LDAP（轻量级目录访问协议）指南，由 John L. Berger 编写，适用于 Solaris 8 和 Solaris 9 操作系统在 SPARC 架构上的基本用户认证，使用的是 Sun ONE Directory Server v5.x/6 版本。文档版权归属 John L. Berger，并规定不得随意修改或销售，旨在保持信息的一致性和准确性，避免因不同版本的文档导致的混乱。 LDAP 是一种开放标准的目录服务协议，用于存储和检索分布式目录信息。在本指南中，作者将引导读者了解 LDAP 的基本概念，包括如何配置和管理 Sun ONE Directory Server，这是 Sun Microsystems 提供的一款目录服务器软件。该文档可能涵盖以下关键知识点： 1. **LDAP 基础**：解释 LDAP 的作用，如提供用户身份验证、授权和信息存储，以及其与 DNS（域名系统）的区别。 2. **目录结构**：介绍 LDAP 数据库的组织方式，包括 DN（Distinguished Name）和 RDN（Relative Distinguished Name），以及如何创建和管理条目。 3. **安装和配置 Sun ONE Directory Server**：详细步骤指导如何在 Solaris 8 或 9 上安装服务器，设置目录架构，以及启动和停止服务。 4. **用户认证**：讲解如何设置 LDAP 用于用户登录验证，包括创建 LDAP 用户账户，配置认证策略，以及处理认证失败的情况。 5. **安全管理**：讨论 LDAP 服务器的权限控制，包括设置访问控制列表（ACLs），保护敏感数据，以及安全连接的实现（如 SSL/TLS 加密）。 6. **备份与恢复**：如何备份 LDAP 数据库以防止数据丢失，以及在出现问题时如何恢复数据。 7. **性能优化**：提供关于监控和调整 LDAP 服务器性能的建议，如索引优化和内存配置。 8. **故障排查**：介绍诊断和解决 LDAP 相关问题的方法，包括日志分析和常见错误处理。 9. **目录服务操作**：如何进行搜索、添加、删除和修改 LDAP 条目的操作，以及批量处理。 10. **扩展和集成**：可能涉及与其他系统（如邮件服务器、Web 服务器）的集成，以及 LDAP 变更通知服务（LDAP Change Notification Service）的使用。尽管这份文档专注于 Sun ONE Directory Server v5.2，但许多 LDAP 的基础知识和原理对其他 LDAP 实现也是通用的，如 OpenLDAP 和 Microsoft Active Directory。因此，对于任何希望理解 LDAP 并在 Solaris 环境中部署目录服务的初学者来说，这份指南都是宝贵的参考资料。

A Beginner's Guide to Sun ONE / Sun Java Directory Server

Before You Install, Beware Solaris 9!

Actually, the title would be more accurate in saying to “be aware” of Solaris 9.

I say this because I cannot recommend strongly enough that you do not use any version of Solaris

9 other than the original release!

Recently, I needed to create another Directory Server install in a test environment. So, I

jumpstarted the system with Solaris 9 and applied the most recent Recommended and Security

patch cluster. I was using the same Directory Server software with the exact same patches.

However, this time I was getting library errors like crazy. I couldn't perform the initial

configuration of Directory Server or Administration Server! Even after jumpstarting the system

with different R&S patch clusters (and even without any R&S cluster), I would still get continual

library errors.

Sun was less than helpful, unfortunately; but it made no sense to me that the same software that I

used on Solaris 9 only a few months before was suddenly bombing out! This also made me

paranoid about “What am I going to do if I need to rebuild our DS servers in an emergency?”

It turns out that there actually was a difference between the initial deployment and the failures in

the test installation – the version of Solaris 9.

When I built the servers for the initial deployment (and previous testing), I was using the original

release of Solaris 9. During that time, I had “upgraded” our Jumpstart server to install Solaris 9

HW 09/2004. As a test , I recreated the Jumpstart images with the original Solaris 9 media that I

had used before. Even with the newest Recommended and Security patch cluster installed,

Directory Server and Administration Server installed and configured without any problems when

using the original Solaris 9 images.

It is clear that for whatever reason there is enough of a difference in Solaris 9 09/04 to break

Directory Server 5.2. I have no idea what is so different to cause this problem, and Sun didn't

help to resolve the situation except to say “Try reinstalling.”

So, if you're going to install Directory Server 5.2 on Solaris 9, I cannot recommend strongly

enough that you get your hands on the original Solaris 9. Do not use any Solaris 9 versions after

the original release. In fairness, other versions might work, but Solaris 9 HW 09/04 apparently

will not.

Maybe with the release of this document, someone from Sun will figure out what happened and

how to correct it.

A Beginner's Guide to Sun ONE / Sun Java Directory Server

Installing SunONE Directory Server

There are two methods of installing Directory Server – by using a clean, graphical method and by

installing the multitude of packages manually.

Quite frankly, you are better served by manually installing all of the packages.

For whatever reason, the graphical (Zip-based) installation and the package installation will

install Directory Server to entirely different directories and even install binaries of different

names! The reason for this is completely mind-boggling, but someone obviously thought that it

was a great idea. (Sun says that it's a legacy from the iPlanet days.)

If you suffer from terminal (no pun intended) commandliniophobia (an irrational fear of the

command line), you can install through the graphical interface. But you can expect to have a lot

of problems later on when you try to run commands that you find on the Internet and even in

some of Sun's own manuals. (Yes, some of Sun's own documentation assume that you used the

package installation.)

The reason why installing the packages manually is preferred is because the directory structure

and program binaries are more consistent with information that is available on the Internet. Most

of the LDAP information on the Internet is for OpenLDAP. Installing Directory Server via

packages will maintain consistency with OpenLDAP thereby making information on the Internet

far easier to understand and implement. Installing by the GUI will only cause problems since the

directories and even some executable file names will be different.

Because installing the packages will make things easier for you in the long run, that is the only

method that I'm going to cover here.

Installation of Directory Server on a Solaris 8 server will require a reboot. All clients, regardless of O/S

version, will need to be rebooted as well due to the installation of kernel-level patches. Solaris 8 clients

will definitely need to be rebooted as they require a patch that makes kernel upgrades. Be aware of that

before continuing.

Automating a Directory Server Installation

To make things faster, here is what I do to make a quick Directory Server installation routine

that's semi-automated. I've found it to be a very easy way of getting Directory Server installed

onto a freshly built server, particularly if you're like me and like to test your documentation and

knowledge by doing a test build from scratch several times to make sure that you know what

you're doing. It's actually nothing more than the commands that you have to enter, except in a

shell script.

Remember that this is for Solaris on the SPARC architecture. Directories and patches will be

different if you plan on installing this on an x86 platform. You'll need to get that information

from the Sun ONE Directory Server documentation.

A Beginner's Guide to Sun ONE / Sun Java Directory Server

• Create a directory like /software/Directory_Server_v5.2. Obviously, you can use any

directory that you want. I use /DS5.2 because it's short.

• Extract the contents of pkg-directory-5.2-us.sparc-sun-solaris2.8.tar.gz to that directory.

(This package can be used with Solaris 9 as well.) This will create a subdirectory called sparc

in which all of the packages are extracted.

• In the sparc directory, create two directories called SunOS5.8 and SunOS5.9.

• If the server will be running on Solaris 8, download the following patches and put them in the

SunOS5.8 directory:

• 114045-03 (or newer revision)

• 115328-01 (or newer revision)

• If the server will be running on Solaris 8, move the SUNWdsvh and SUNWdsvhx directories

to the SunOS5.8 directory. This is only to keep all Solaris 8 packages together for a reason

that will explained in a little while.

• If the server will be running on Solaris 9, download the following patches and put them in the

SunOS5.9 directory:

• 114049-04 (or later revision)

• 115342-01 (or later revision)

• Create the script below (directory_server_install.sh) in the sparc directory and change the

permissions to be executable. (You can use copy and paste if you are reading the electronic

version.)

• Modify the script as needed for newer patch revisions than what I have listed..

• If you plan on doing multiple installs, whether for testing or for replication, create a tar-ball of

the entire directory that you just set up and transfer it to another server for storage.

That's it! All that needs to be done on the server is to change to the sparc directory, and run the

script!

Why go through all of this? I'm the kind of system admin who likes to do a few test installs and

configurations just to make sure that the actual product install is as smooth as possible, so I'm

always rebuilding test servers after a fresh Jumpstart.

My Custom Directory Server Installation Script

#!/bin/sh

# Not proprietary or confidential as this is nothing more than the

# basic automation of required commands necessary to install.

VERSION=`uname -r`

echo " "

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