探索Linux命令行：从入门到高级技能

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《Linux命令行》是一本由William Shotts撰写的专业指南，专为那些希望深入理解并掌握Linux操作系统底层操作的读者设计。本书是第四版互联网版本，自2008年至2017年持续更新，体现了作者对Linux命令行工具的深入理解和不断演进的技术知识。作为一本实用教材，它从基础入门，如初次接触终端和Bash（Linux中最流行的shell），引导读者逐步学习一系列核心技能。在阅读过程中，读者将学会： 1. **基础操作**：包括创建、删除文件、目录和符号链接，以及管理系统，如网络配置、软件包安装和进程管理。 2. **流与控制**：理解标准输入输出、重定向和管道的概念，这些是高级命令行操作的基础。 3. **文本编辑**：熟练使用Vi，世界上最流行的文本编辑器，学习基本的编辑和文本处理技巧。 4. **自动化编程**：通过编写shell脚本来自动化日常任务，提高效率，减少重复劳动。 5. **文本处理工具**：掌握cut、paste、grep、patch和sed等工具，用于高效地搜索、筛选和修改文本数据。作者还揭示了Linux命令行背后的哲学和历史渊源，强调其与Unix超级计算机传统的联系。通过短小精悍、易于理解的章节，本书帮助用户克服对命令行的初期恐惧，使其成为与电脑交互的自然且富有表现力的方式。此外，这本书还强调了Linux作为注册商标的价值，并指出所有其他商标的所有权归属。《Linux命令行》是LinuxCommand.org项目的一部分，该项目致力于帮助用户从传统操作系统过渡到Linux环境，同时也提供印刷版和电子版供读者选择购买或在线获取。随着每次更新，例如2017年10月19日的17.10版，作者不断优化内容，确保读者始终能够获得最新和最实用的信息。对于想要进一步提升Linux技能，尤其是从图形用户界面转到命令行操作的用户来说，《Linux命令行》是一本不可或缺的参考资料。

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Introduction

I want to tell you a story.

No, not the story of how, in 1991, Linus Torvalds wrote the first version of the Linux ker-

nel. You can read that story in lots of Linux books. Nor am I going to tell you the story of

how, some years earlier, Richard Stallman began the GNU Project to create a free Unix-

like operating system. That's an important story too, but most other Linux books have that

one, as well.

No, I want to tell you the story of how you can take back control of your computer.

When I began working with computers as a college student in the late 1970s, there was a

revolution going on. The invention of the microprocessor had made it possible for ordi-

nary people like you and me to actually own a computer. It's hard for many people today

to imagine what the world was like when only big business and big government ran all

the computers. Let's just say, you couldn't get much done.

Today, the world is very different. Computers are everywhere, from tiny wristwatches to

giant data centers to everything in between. In addition to ubiquitous computers, we also

have a ubiquitous network connecting them together. This has created a wondrous new

age of personal empowerment and creative freedom, but over the last couple of decades

something else has been happening. A few giant corporations have been imposing their

control over most of the world's computers and deciding what you can and cannot do

with them. Fortunately, people from all over the world are doing something about it. They

are fighting to maintain control of their computers by writing their own software. They

are building Linux.

Many people speak of “freedom” with regard to Linux, but I don't think most people

know what this freedom really means. Freedom is the power to decide what your com-

puter does, and the only way to have this freedom is to know what your computer is do-

ing. Freedom is a computer that is without secrets, one where everything can be known if

you care enough to find out.

Why Use The Command Line?

Have you ever noticed in the movies when the “super hacker,”—you know, the guy who

can break into the ultra-secure military computer in under thirty seconds—sits down at

the computer, he never touches a mouse? It's because movie makers realize that we, as

human beings, instinctively know the only way to really get anything done on a computer

xvi

is by typing on a keyboard!

Most computer users today are only familiar with the graphical user interface (GUI) and

have been taught by vendors and pundits that the command line interface (CLI) is a terri-

fying thing of the past. This is unfortunate, because a good command line interface is a

marvelously expressive way of communicating with a computer in much the same way

the written word is for human beings. It's been said that “graphical user interfaces make

easy tasks easy, while command line interfaces make difficult tasks possible” and this is

still very true today.

Since Linux is modeled after the Unix family of operating systems, it shares the same

rich heritage of command line tools as Unix. Unix came into prominence during the early

1980s (although it was first developed a decade earlier), before the widespread adoption

of the graphical user interface and, as a result, developed an extensive command line in-

terface instead. In fact, one of the strongest reasons early adopters of Linux chose it over,

say, Windows NT was the powerful command line interface which made the “difficult

tasks possible.”

What This Book Is About

This book is a broad overview of “living” on the Linux command line. Unlike some

books that concentrate on just a single program, such as the shell program, bash, this

book will try to convey how to get along with the command line interface in a larger

sense. How does it all work? What can it do? What's the best way to use it?

This is not a book about Linux system administration. While any serious discussion of

the command line will invariably lead to system administration topics, this book only

touches on a few administration issues. It will, however, prepare the reader for additional

study by providing a solid foundation in the use of the command line, an essential tool for

any serious system administration task.

This book is very Linux-centric. Many other books try to broaden their appeal by in-

cluding other platforms such as generic Unix and OS X. In doing so, they “water down”

their content to feature only general topics. This book, on the other hand, only covers

contemporary Linux distributions. Ninety-five percent of the content is useful for users of

other Unix-like systems, but this book is highly targeted at the modern Linux command

line user.

Who Should Read This Book

This book is for new Linux users who have migrated from other platforms. Most likely

you are a “power user” of some version of Microsoft Windows. Perhaps your boss has

told you to administer a Linux server, or maybe you're just a desktop user who is tired of

all the security problems and want to give Linux a try. That's fine. All are welcome here.

That being said, there is no shortcut to Linux enlightenment. Learning the command line

is challenging and takes real effort. It's not that it's so hard, but rather it's so vast. The av-

xvii

erage Linux system has literally thousands of programs you can employ on the command

line. Consider yourself warned; learning the command line is not a casual endeavor.

On the other hand, learning the Linux command line is extremely rewarding. If you think

you're a “power user” now, just wait. You don't know what real power is—yet. And, un -

like many other computer skills, knowledge of the command line is long lasting. The

skills learned today will still be useful ten years from now. The command line has sur-

vived the test of time.

It is also assumed that you have no programming experience, but not to worry, we'll start

you down that path as well.

What's In This Book

This material is presented in a carefully chosen sequence, much like a tutor sitting next to

you guiding you along. Many authors treat this material in a “systematic” fashion, which

makes sense from a writer’s perspective, but can be very confusing to new users.

Another goal is to acquaint you with the Unix way of thinking, which is different from

the Windows way of thinking. Along the way, we'll go on a few side trips to help you un-

derstand why certain things work the way they do and how they got that way. Linux is

not just a piece of software, it's also a small part of the larger Unix culture, which has its

own language and history. I might throw in a rant or two, as well.

This book is divided into four parts, each covering some aspect of the command line ex-

perience:

● Part 1 – Learning The Shell starts our exploration of the basic language of the

command line including such things as the structure of commands, file system

navigation, command line editing, and finding help and documentation for com-

mands.

● Part 2 – Configuration And The Environment covers editing configuration

files that control the computer's operation from the command line.

● Part 3 – Common Tasks And Essential Tools explores many of the ordinary

tasks that are commonly performed from the command line. Unix-like operating

systems, such as Linux, contain many “classic” command line programs that are

used to perform powerful operations on data.

● Part 4 – Writing Shell Scripts introduces shell programming, an admittedly

rudimentary, but easy to learn, technique for automating many common comput-

ing tasks. By learning shell programming, you will become familiar with concepts

that can be applied to many other programming languages.

How To Read This Book

Start at the beginning of the book and follow it to the end. It isn’t written as a reference

work, it's really more like a story with a beginning, middle, and an end.

xviii

剩余543页未读，继续阅读

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