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16 Introduction to the Internet and World Wide Web Chapter 1
The extensibility of XML provides ample opportunity for any individual or commu-
nity to create a language that marks up data according to their specific needs. In this
chapter, we discuss XML-based markup languages (or vocabularies) for mathematics,
chemicals, wireless communication, multimedia/graphics and others.
Mathematical Markup Language (MathML) was created so mathematical information
could be exchanged in an application independent manner. Chemical Markup Language
(CML) is used by chemists for marking up molecules. Applications that process MathML
and CML use their data as they see fit. For example, a mathematical equation may be
graphed and a molecule might be rendered in three dimensions.
Wireless Markup Language (WML) is one of the most important markup languages
that has arisen from XML, as it is a foundation of the wireless Web, allowing people to surf
the Internet on cell phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs). In Chapter 16 we pre-
sented a substantial case study that used WML. Some readers may want to read the discus-
sion of the WML presented in this chapter before studying Chapter 16.
To facilitate processing and integration of multimedia, Synchronized Multimedia Inte-
gration Language (SMIL) was created. SMIL has the potential to become the standard
means of presenting multimedia content over the Web. Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) is
a language for describing graphics in a more efficient, Web friendly way.
The Extensible 3D (X3D) Language is the result of the combined efforts of the World
Wide Web Consortium and the Web3D Consortium to extend the Virtual Reality Model-
ling Language (VRML) with XML. X3D is the next generation of VRML. We create an
example that marks up a rocket.
Chapter 21—Custom Markup Languages (Part II)
Chapter 21 continues our study of custom markup languages. The first half of the chapter
discusses markup languages related to e-business/e-commerce—one area of industry pro-
foundly affected by XML. The second half of the chapter discusses markup languages re-
lated to law, publishing and graphical user interfaces.
The first markup language we introduce is the Extensible Business Reporting Language
(XBRL), which marks up financial reports and data. Other e-business/e-commerce markup
languages discussed are the Bank Internet Payment System (BIPS)—which facilitates secure
electronic transactions over the Internet, Electronic Business XML (ebXML)—which is
designed to facilitate e-commerce between organizations, Visa XML Invoice Specification—
which exchanges VISA credit-card purchase information between businesses over the
Internet, and Commerce XML (cXML)—an XML-based framework for describing catalog
data and performing business-to-business (B2B) electronic transactions that use the data.
LegalXML is a markup language for marking up court documents. NewsML marks up
news content (e.g., text, audio, images, video, etc.). The chapter concludes with a discus-
sion of the XML Open eBook Publication Structure—a standard for describing publishable
electronic content and the Extensible User Interface Language (XUL)—which is designed
to mark up graphical user interfaces.
Because most of the markup languages introduced in this chapter are in the early stages
of development, we provide several Web resources for each markup language.
Chapter 22—XML Technologies and Applications
In this chapter, we discuss XML-based technologies and applications that represent the fu-
ture of the Web. Many of these technologies are emerging technologies that promise to