Oracle RAC 11g Release 2 安装与实战指南

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"Oracle® Database 2Day+ Real Application Clusters Guide 11g Release 2 (11.2) E17264-15" Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC) 是 Oracle 数据库的一项重要特性，它提供了一种在多台服务器上共享同一数据库实例的方法，以实现高可用性和可伸缩性。Oracle RAC 2 Day's Guide 是一本专门为 IT 专业人员设计的教程，旨在帮助他们快速理解和掌握如何安装、配置和管理 Oracle RAC 系统。本指南涵盖了 Oracle RAC 的核心概念和技术，包括： 1. **RAC 基础**: 首先，它会介绍 RAC 的基本原理，解释了如何通过 Clusterware 和 ASM (Automatic Storage Management) 支持数据库的高可用性。Clusterware 是一个集群软件层，负责管理和监控集群节点间的通信和故障切换，而 ASM 提供自动化的存储管理功能。 2. **安装与配置**: 指南将详细介绍 RAC 的安装过程，包括硬件和软件需求、网络配置、存储设置以及数据库实例的创建。这部分内容对确保顺利部署 RAC 环境至关重要。 3. **高可用性机制**: 书中将讨论 RAC 的心跳机制、投票磁盘、OCR（Oracle Cluster Registry）和 Voting Files，这些都是确保 RAC 集群正常运行的关键组件。同时，还会讲解如何进行故障检测和恢复操作。 4. **性能优化**: RAC 允许并行处理，但同时也可能带来性能挑战。指南会介绍如何监控和调整 RAC 系统，包括 SQL 调优、资源共享、负载均衡策略等，以确保最佳性能。 5. **数据保护与备份**: RAC 环境下的数据保护包括闪回技术、逻辑和物理备份方案，以及 RAC 专用的恢复策略，如 Fast Recovery Area 和 Active Data Guard。 6. **安全管理**: RAC 系统的安全管理涵盖数据库访问控制、审计、身份验证和授权，以及集群级别的安全设置，确保数据的机密性和完整性。 7. **维护与升级**: 对于 RAC 环境的日常运维，包括节点的添加和删除、软件更新和版本升级，都会有详细的步骤指导。 8. **故障排查**: 最后，本指南还将提供一些常见问题的解决方案和故障排查技巧，帮助管理员应对可能出现的问题。这本由 Janet Stern 主笔，众多 Oracle 专家共同贡献的指南，是学习和实施 Oracle RAC 的宝贵资源。它不仅适合初次接触 RAC 的新手，也对有经验的 DBA 在深化理解或解决实际问题时提供了深入洞察。通过遵循本指南，读者可以快速掌握构建和管理高效、可靠的 Oracle RAC 系统所需的知识和技能。

About Oracle Automatic Storage Management

1-4 Oracle Database 2 Day + Real Application Clusters Guide

administrator-managed database. For the purposes of this guide, we use an

administrator-managed Oracle RAC database.

About Oracle Automatic Storage Management

Oracle ASM is an integrated, high-performance volume manager and file system. With

Oracle Database 11g Release 2, Oracle ASM adds support for storing the Oracle

Clusterware OCR and voting disk files, also a general purpose cluster file system

called Oracle Automatic Storage Management Cluster File System (Oracle ACFS).

Oracle ASM is based on the principle that the database should manage storage instead

of requiring an administrator to do it. Oracle ASM eliminates the need for you to

directly manage potentially thousands of Oracle database files.

Oracle ASM groups the disks in your storage system into one or more disk groups.

You manage a small set of disk groups and Oracle ASM automates the placement of

the database files within those disk groups. Oracle Cluster Registry (OCR) and voting

disks can also be placed on Oracle ASM diskgroups. When using Oracle Real

Application Clusters (Oracle RAC), each instance must have access to the data files

and recovery files for the Oracle RAC database. Using Oracle Automatic Storage

Management (Oracle ASM) is an easy way to satisfy this requirement.

In Figure 1–1, the normal redundancy disk group stored in Oracle ASM contains three

failure groups (shown as three disks) to store the voting disk and OCR files for Oracle

Clusterware. Because the voting disk records which nodes are currently members of

the cluster, there must be at least three voting disks for a two-node cluster. If the Oracle

ASM disk group did not contain the voting disk and OCR files, then you could have a

normal redundancy disk group with only two failure groups.

Figure 1–1 Oracle Clusterware Files Stored in an Oracle ASM Disk Group

Oracle ASM provides the following benefits:

■ Striping—Oracle ASM spreads data evenly across all disks in a disk group to

optimize performance and utilization. This even distribution of database files

eliminates the need for regular monitoring and I/O performance tuning.

See Also:

■ Oracle Real Application Clusters Administration and Deployment

Guide

■ Oracle Clusterware Administration and Deployment Guide

About Oracle Automatic Storage Management

Introduction to Oracle Database 2 Day + Real Application Clusters Guide 1-5

■ Mirroring—Oracle ASM increases data availability by optionally mirroring any

file. Oracle ASM mirrors at the file level, unlike operating system mirroring, which

mirrors at the disk level. Mirroring means keeping redundant copies, or mirrored

copies, of each extent of the file, to help avoid data loss caused by disk failures.

The mirrored copy of each file extent is always kept on a different disk from the

original copy. If a disk fails, then Oracle ASM continues to access affected files by

accessing mirrored copies on the surviving disks in the disk group.

■ Online storage reconfiguration and dynamic rebalancing—When using Oracle

ASM, you can add or remove disks from your disk storage system while the

database is operating. When you add a disk to a disk group, Oracle ASM

automatically redistributes the data so that it is evenly spread across all disks in

the disk group, including the new disk. The process of redistributing data so that it

is also spread across the newly added disks is known as rebalancing. It is done in

the background and with minimal impact to database performance.

■ Managed file creation and deletion—Oracle ASM further reduces administration

tasks by enabling files stored in Oracle ASM disk groups to be managed by Oracle

Database. Oracle ASM automatically assigns file names when files are created, and

automatically deletes files when they are no longer needed by the database.

Oracle Automatic Storage Management Cluster File System (Oracle ACFS) is a new

multi-platform, scalable file system, and storage management technology that extends

Oracle ASM functionality to support customer files maintained outside of the Oracle

database. Files supported by Oracle ACFS include database and application

executables, trace files, alert logs, application reports, BFILEs, and configuration files.

Oracle ACFS leverages Oracle ASM functionality to provide dynamic file system

resizing, striping, and mirroring.

Oracle ASM is implemented as a special kind of Oracle instance, with its own System

Global Area and background processes. The Oracle ASM instance is tightly integrated

with Oracle Clusterware and Oracle Database. Every server running one or more

database instances that use Oracle ASM for storage has an Oracle ASM instance. In an

Oracle RAC environment, there is one Oracle ASM instance for each node, and the

Oracle ASM instances communicate with each other on a peer-to-peer basis. Only one

Oracle ASM instance is supported on a node, but you can have multiple database

instances that use Oracle ASM residing on the same node. Figure 1–2, "Oracle

Instances and Oracle ASM Storage" shows the storage configuration commonly used

for a 2-node Oracle RAC database.

About Oracle Real Application Clusters

1-6 Oracle Database 2 Day + Real Application Clusters Guide

Figure 1–2 Oracle Instances and Oracle ASM Storage

Oracle recommends that you use Oracle ASM for your Oracle Clusterware files and

Oracle RAC datafiles, instead of raw devices or the operating system file system.

Oracle databases can use both Oracle ASM files and non-Oracle ASM files. You can

also create a file system using Oracle ACFS to store your database Oracle Home and

any other external (non-database) files in the cluster.

About Oracle Real Application Clusters

Oracle RAC extends Oracle Database so that you can store, update, and efficiently

retrieve data using multiple database instances on different servers at the same time.

Oracle RAC provides the software that manages multiple servers and instances as a

single group. The data files that comprise the database must reside on shared storage

that is accessible from all servers that are part of the cluster. Each server in the cluster

runs the Oracle RAC software.

An Oracle Database database has a one-to-one relationship between data files and the

database instance. An Oracle RAC database, however, has a one-to-many relationship

between data files and database instances. In an Oracle RAC database, multiple

instances access a single set of database files.

Each database instance in an Oracle RAC database uses its own memory structures

and background processes. Oracle RAC uses Cache Fusion to synchronize the data

stored in the buffer cache of each database instance. Cache Fusion moves current data

blocks (which reside in memory) between database instances, rather than having one

database instance write the data blocks to disk and requiring another database

instance to reread the data blocks from disk. When a data block located in the buffer

See Also:

■ "About Oracle Clusterware" on page 5-1 for information about the

Oracle Clusterware files

■ Oracle Database 2 Day DBA

■ Oracle Automatic Storage Management Administrator's Guide

About Oracle Real Application Clusters

Introduction to Oracle Database 2 Day + Real Application Clusters Guide 1-7

cache of one instance is required by another instance, Cache Fusion transfers the data

block directly between the instances using the interconnect, enabling the Oracle RAC

database to access and modify data as if the data resided in a single buffer cache.

Oracle RAC is also a key component for implementing the enterprise grid computing

architecture using Oracle software. Having multiple database instances accessing a

single set of data files prevents the server from being a single point of failure. If a node

in the cluster fails, then the Oracle database continues running on the remaining

nodes. Individual nodes can be shutdown for maintenance while application users

continue to work.

Oracle RAC supports mainstream business applications, such as OLTP, DSS, and also

popular packaged products such as SAP, PeopleSoft, Siebel, and Oracle E*Business

Suite, as well as custom applications. Any packaged or custom application that scales

on an Oracle database scales well on Oracle RAC without requiring changes to the

application code.

You will learn more about the operation of the Oracle RAC database in a cluster, how

to build the cluster, and the structure of an Oracle RAC database in other sections of

this guide.

About Oracle RAC One Node

Oracle Real Application Clusters One Node (Oracle RAC One Node) is a single

instance of an Oracle RAC database that runs on one node in a cluster. This feature

allows you to consolidate many databases into one cluster with minimal overhead,

protecting them from both planned and unplanned downtime. The consolidated

databases reap the high availability benefits of failover protection, online rolling patch

application, and rolling upgrades for the operating system and Oracle Clusterware.

This functionality is available starting with Oracle Database 11g Release 2 (11.2.0.2).

Oracle RAC One Node enables better availability than cold failover for single-instance

databases because of the Oracle technology called online database relocation, which

intelligently migrates database instances and connections to other cluster nodes for

high availability and load balancing. Online database relocation is performed using

the Server Control Utility (SRVCTL).

If you run your applications on Oracle RAC One Node, and your applications grow to

the point that a single node cannot supply the resources they need, then Oracle RAC

One Node can be upgraded online to Oracle Real Application Clusters. If the node

running your Oracle RAC One Node database becomes overloaded, then you can

migrate the database instance to another node in the cluster using online database

relocation with no downtime for application users

See Also:

■ Oracle Real Application Clusters Administration and Deployment

Guide

■ Oracle Clusterware Administration and Deployment Guide

See Also:

■ "About Oracle Real Application Clusters"

■ Oracle Real Application Clusters Administration and Deployment

Guide

Tools for Installing, Configuring, and Managing Oracle RAC

1-8 Oracle Database 2 Day + Real Application Clusters Guide

About Installing Oracle RAC on Different Operating Systems

If you plan to install and configure Oracle RAC on an operating system other than

Oracle Linux, then you can still use this guide to obtain a general understanding about

how to deploy Oracle RAC. You can also use this guide for deploying Oracle RAC on

clusters with more than two nodes. For all environments that do not match the

environment that this guide describes, modify the examples accordingly.

When installing Oracle RAC on a different platform or different operating system

version than Oracle Linux or Red Hat Enterprise Linux, refer to the installation and

configuration guides for that platform. For example, if you are installing Oracle RAC

on the Oracle Solaris operating system, then you would use the following guides:

■ Oracle Grid Infrastructure Installation Guide for Solaris Operating System

■ Oracle Real Application Clusters Installation Guide for Linux and UNIX

Oracle Clusterware and Oracle RAC do not support heterogeneous platforms in the

same cluster. For example, you cannot have one node in the cluster running Oracle

Linux and another node in the same cluster running Oracle Solaris. All nodes must

run the same operating system; that is, they must be binary compatible. Oracle RAC

does not support machines having different chip architectures in the same cluster.

However, you can have machines of different speeds and sizes in the same cluster.

Tools for Installing, Configuring, and Managing Oracle RAC

This section describes the tools used for installing, configuring, and managing Oracle

Clusterware, Oracle Automatic Storage Management (Oracle ASM), and Oracle Real

Application Clusters (Oracle RAC).

■ Oracle Universal Installer (OUI)—OUI installs the Oracle Grid Infrastructure for a

cluster software (which consists of Oracle Clusterware and Oracle ASM) and the

Oracle Database software with Oracle RAC. After you configure the nodes to use

in your cluster, OUI installs the Oracle software on the specified nodes using a

network connection.

■ Cluster Verification Utility (CVU)— CVU is a command-line tool that you can use

to verify a range of cluster and Oracle RAC components such as shared storage

devices, networking configurations, system requirements, and Oracle Clusterware,

also operating system groups and users. You can use CVU for preinstallation and

postinstallation checks of your cluster environment. CVU is especially useful

during preinstallation and during installation of Oracle Clusterware and Oracle

RAC components. OUI runs CVU after the Oracle Clusterware installation to

verify your environment.

■ Oracle Enterprise Manager—Oracle Enterprise Manager has both the Database

Control and Grid Control graphical user interfaces (GUIs) for managing single-

instance and Oracle RAC environments.

■ SQL*Plus—To issue SQL and PL/SQL statements to Oracle Database, you can use

SQL*Plus. This tool provides a command-line interface that enables you to

perform database management operations for a database, and also to query, insert,

update, or delete data directly in the database.

■ Server Control (SRVCTL)—SRVCTL is a command-line interface that you can use

to manage the resources defined in the Oracle Cluster Registry (OCR). These

See Also:

■ Oracle Real Application Clusters Administration and Deployment

Guide

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