ANTLR4权威指南：解析、构建语言工具的实战宝典

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ANTLR 4权威指南是一本全面介绍ANTLR 4语言解析器生成工具的指南，它不仅提供了详细的语法解析和生成技术，还涵盖了实际应用中的各种场景。ANTLR是一款强大的工具，被广泛应用于多种领域，如Twitter的搜索引擎（处理大量查询）、Hadoop生态系统的Hive、Pig等，以及法律文本分析、数据库ORM框架（如Hibernate）等。本书的核心内容围绕以下几个关键知识点展开： 1. 语法分析和语言识别：ANTLR能帮助读者理解和编写自定义语言的语法，无论是简单的JSON到复杂的R语言，甚至是XML和Python中的复杂结构。它通过生成语法分析器，构建语法分析树，使得语言识别过程自动化。 2. ALL(*)技术：ANTLR 4采用的自适应LL(*)或ALL(*)技术显著提升了语法分析器的性能，避免了语法冲突和歧义性问题，即使面对复杂的语法也能确保正确的识别。 3. 左递归规则处理：ANTLR 4自动优化左递归规则，使其易于编写和理解，降低了编程复杂性。 4. 语法分析树和遍历器：ANTLR 4内置了语法分析树的创建和遍历机制，无需额外编写，用户可以通过监听器或访问器在特定结构上执行回调。 5. 解耦语法和应用逻辑：相较于ANTLR 3，ANTLR 4强调使用监听器和访问器来分离语法定义与业务逻辑，提升代码复用性和可维护性。 6. 错误处理和自定义行为：书中详细讲解了如何处理识别过程中的错误和如何通过嵌入Java动作定制语法分析行为。 7. 应用示例和实践指导：本书提供了丰富的实例和教程，帮助读者从初学者到专家逐步掌握ANTLR 4的使用，适用于对语言处理感兴趣的开发者。 8. 面向不同水平读者：无论是新手还是有经验的ANTLR用户，都能在本书中找到适合的学习路径，尤其是对于想了解最新版ANTLR 4特性的读者来说。《ANTLR 4权威指南》是一本实践性极强的指南，不仅提供了深入的理论知识，还提供了丰富的案例和实用技巧，适合各类开发者在实际工作中使用ANTLR 4进行语言解析和处理任务。

ANTLR v4 is exactly what I want in a parser generator, so I can finally get

back to the problem I was originally trying to solve in the 1980s. Now, if I

could just remember what that was.

What’s in This Book?

This book is the best, most complete source of information on ANTLR v4 that

you’ll find anywhere. The free, online documentation provides enough to learn

the basic grammar syntax and semantics but doesn’t explain ANTLR concepts

in detail. Only this book explains how to identify grammar patterns in lan-

guages and how to express them as ANTLR grammars. The examples woven

throughout the text give you the leg up you need to start building your own

language applications. This book helps you get the most out of ANTLR and

is required reading to become an advanced user.

This book is organized into four parts.

• Part I introduces ANTLR, provides some background knowledge about

languages, and gives you a tour of ANTLR’s capabilities. You’ll get a taste

of the syntax and what you can do with it.

• Part II is all about designing grammars and building language applications

using those grammars in combination with tree walkers.

• Part III starts out by showing you how to customize the error handling of

ANTLR-generated parsers. Next, you’ll learn how to embed actions in the

grammar because sometimes it’s simpler or more efficient to do so than

building a tree and walking it. Related to actions, you’ll also learn how to

use semantic predicates to alter the behavior of the parser to handle some

challenging recognition problems.

The final chapter solves some challenging language recognition problems,

such as recognizing XML and context-sensitive newlines in Python.

• Part IV is the reference section and lays out all of the rules for using the

ANTLR grammar meta-language and its runtime library.

Readers who are totally new to grammars and language tools should definitely

start by reading Chapter 1, Meet ANTLR, on page 3 and Chapter 2, The Big

Picture, on page 9. Experienced ANTLR v3 users can jump directly to Chapter

4, A Quick Tour, on page 31 to learn more about v4’s new capabilities.

The source code for all examples in this book is available online. For those

of you reading this electronically, you can click the box above the source code,

and it will display the code in a browser window. If you’re reading the paper

version of this book or would simply like a complete bundle of the code, you

report erratum • discuss

What’s in This Book? • xv

needed to compile and execute recognizers generated by ANTLR. In a nutshell,

the ANTLR tool converts grammars into programs that recognize sentences

in the language described by the grammar. For example, given a grammar

for JSON, the ANTLR tool generates a program that recognizes JSON input

using some support classes from the ANTLR runtime library.

The jar also contains two support libraries: a sophisticated tree layout library

and StringTemplate,

a template engine useful for generating code and other

structured text (see the sidebar The StringTemplate Engine, on page 4). At version

4.0, ANTLR is still written in ANTLR v3, so the complete jar contains the previous

version of ANTLR as well.

The StringTemplate Engine

StringTemplate is a Java template engine (with ports for C#, Python, Ruby, and Scala)

for generating source code, web pages, emails, or any other formatted text output.

StringTemplate is particularly good at multitargeted code generators, multiple site skins,

and internationalization/localization. It evolved over years of effort developing jGuru.com.

StringTemplate also generates that website and powers the ANTLR v3 and v4 code gener-

ators. See the About

page on the website for more information.

http://www.stringtemplate.org/about.html

You can manually download ANTLR from the ANTLR website using a web

browser, or you can use the command-line tool

curl

to grab it.

$ cd /usr/local/lib

$ curl -O http://www.antlr.org/download/antlr-4.0-complete.jar

On Unix,

/usr/local/lib

is a good directory to store jars like ANTLR’s. On Windows,

there doesn’t seem to be a standard directory, so you can simply store it in your

project directory. Most development environments want you to drop the jar into

the dependency list of your language application project. There is no configuration

script or configuration file to alter—you just need to make sure that Java knows

how to find the jar.

Because this book uses the command line throughout, you need to go through

the typical onerous process of setting the

CLASSPATH

environment variable. With

CLASSPATH

set, Java can find both the ANTLR tool and the runtime library. On Unix

systems, you can execute the following from the shell or add it to the shell start-

up script (

.bash_profile

for

bash

shell):

http://code.google.com/p/treelayout

http://www.stringtemplate.org

http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/environment/paths.html

Chapter 1. Meet ANTLR • 4

report erratum • discuss

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