定向天线阵列单锚点实时定位算法：精度与优势分析

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"基于天线阵列的单锚点实时定位算法是无线传感器网络（Wireless Sensor Network, WSN）中的一种高效定位策略。该方法利用定向天线阵列的特性，结合天线辐射特性和无线信道模型，实现对目标节点的精确定位。文章详细探讨了天线辐射特性的研究，这对于理解信号传播和接收至关重要。无线信道模型的分析则考虑了信号在无线环境中的传播损失、多径效应等复杂因素。首先，天线辐射特性是决定无线通信质量的关键因素，包括天线的方向图、增益、极化方式等。定向天线阵列通过控制各个天线单元的相位差，可以形成窄波束，从而增强对特定方向信号的接收能力，减少干扰，提高定位的准确性和稳定性。接着，文章基于无线信道模型，评估了算法在实际环境中的表现。无线信道模型通常包括自由空间传播模型、阴影衰落模型和多径衰落模型等，这些模型可以帮助理解和预测信号在不同环境下的传播情况。通过结合这些模型，可以更好地估计信号从发射节点到接收节点的传播路径，从而提高定位精度。单锚点定位算法的核心在于其无需数据交换的特点，这意味着在定位过程中，传感器节点和锚节点之间不需要频繁的数据交互，降低了无线数据传输协议的复杂性，有利于提升系统的实时性能。实验结果显示，该算法的定位精度达到了1米，角度定位误差小于20度，这在无线传感器网络的实时定位应用中具有显著优势。此外，这项研究对于物联网（Internet of Things, IoT）领域的贡献在于，它为WSN的实时定位提供了新的技术思路，降低了对通信资源的需求，提升了系统的整体效率。未来的研究可以进一步探索如何优化天线阵列设计，改进无线信道建模，以及如何将这种算法应用于更广泛的物联网场景，如智能城市、工业自动化和环境监测等。基于天线阵列的单锚点实时定位算法是无线传感器网络定位技术的重要进展，其高效、精确且低复杂度的特性为WSN实时定位和物联网应用提供了重要的技术参考。"

consumption, and limited working area. We have

designed an anchor node with an antenna array that

uses multi-radio modules and directional antennas to

collect signal strengths when receiving wireless data

from the target node. The angle of the node can be cal-

culated by comparing signal strengths and combining

the distance reckoned by the signal strength. With this

design, the node position can be determined by a signal

anchor node. This method does not require data

exchange or extra ranging process and can meet the

requirements of real-time positioning. Besides static

WSNs, the proposed solution is also suitable for more

complex networks including mobile WSNs,

34,35

wireless

sensor, actuator, and robot networks (WSARNs),

heterogeneous networked cooperating objects.

37–39

However, the directional antenna transmission

characteristic is complex, which is different from omni-

directional antennas like 3-dBi loaded antennas.

Furthermore, antennas interact with each other and

change antenna array radiation characteristics, so free

space radio channel propagation model does not apply.

In this article, we studied directional antenna trans-

mission characteristics measured and analyzed antenna

array RSSI data, following a single anchor node posi-

tioning method for WSNs. Experimental evaluation of

the algorithm and comparison of the algorithm with the

currently used algorithms indicate a potential improve-

ment in real-time positioning methods and suggest a

new design for positioning systems.

Anchor node design based on antenna

array

Basic rule of antenna array design

For successful antenna design, several principals were

considered. First, directional antennas should be

applied to measure angle or direction, and these

antennas should have wide beamwidths and regular

radiation patterns. Meanwhile, antenna array consists

of same antennas, and all antennas are mounted on the

base board with a strict equal intersection angle.

Directional antenna

Although there are some manufactured directional

antennas available, they could not meet our design

requirements due to big size, irregular radiation pat-

tern, poor consistency, or difficulty in installation. It

was therefore necessary to design and fabricate a novel

antenna. According to our investigation, the printed

circuit board (PCB) resonant antenna in Su’s

work

has good performance, which is a dual polarization

antenna with a 147° beamwidth and a front-to-back

ratio of 20 dB. Most importantly, this antenna struc-

ture is simple, and it is printed on a low-cost FR4 sub-

strate. The antenna characteristic is tested and is

consistent with those in the previous report, so we

chose this antenna as our array antenna. A constructed

prototype is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1(a) shows a sin-

gle antenna with a separation between the antenna and

reflection board of 10 mm. The antenna size (including

backboard) is 144 mm 3 55 mm. Figure 1(b) is the

radiation pattern of the antenna at the distance of

1.2 m. Figure 1(c) is the antenna array prototype,

which consists of four directional antennas, and all

antennas are mounted on the base board with an inter-

section angle of 90°. The antenna array size is

300 mm 3 300 mm 3 144 mm.

Although single antenna radiation pattern is regular

as shown in Figure 1(b), the infinite ground plane con-

dition in single antenna board changes when the

antenna is mounted on the base board; however, anten-

nas affect each other in multi-antenna arrays. As a

result, the antenna radiation patterns would change in

Figure 1. Directional antenna array: (a) prototype of the directional antenna, (b) polar diagram of the directional antenna, and

Fu 3

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