探索ECS架构：模块化游戏引擎设计

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"《ECS Game Engine Design》是一份高级计算机工程项目的论文，撰写于2014年6月，由Daniel Hall和Zoe Wood合作完成，作为加州波利尼西亚理工大学的学生和顾问。该研究旨在探索游戏引擎设计，并提出一种模块化且可扩展的游戏引擎设计方法。论文的核心焦点在于对比和分析两种主要的设计模式：面向对象编程（Object-Oriented Programming，OOP）和实体组件系统（Entity Component System，ECS）。在传统的OOP设计中，程序设计依赖于类的层次结构，对象通过继承共享功能。然而，这种设计方式的一大局限性在于其紧密耦合特性，即高层级的修改往往需要对整个代码库进行大规模重构，导致扩展性较差。OOP的局限性在于其“继承”机制，它限制了代码的复用和灵活性。相比之下，ECS设计遵循“组合优于继承”的原则。在ECS架构中，对象不再通过继承来获取特性，而是通过组合不同的组件来实现行为。这使得代码更加模块化，易于扩展和维护。每个实体（entity）都是由一组独立的组件（如位置、网格、动画等）构成，而组件之间是松散耦合的，修改一个组件不会影响其他组件或实体。然而，ECS设计也面临挑战，例如跨系统的通信问题以及如何有效地管理共享组件，确保它们的同步和一致性。本项目不仅探讨了这两种设计模式的优缺点，还可能包括实际的设计案例和实现策略，以及作者们如何在ECS框架下设计游戏引擎，以解决传统OOP架构中的问题。通过这份论文，读者可以深入了解如何利用ECS设计思想优化游戏开发流程，提升开发效率和代码的可维护性，这对于现代游戏开发人员和引擎开发者来说具有重要的参考价值。"

SENIOR PROJECT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING, JUNE 2014 1

ECS Game Engine Design

Daniel Hall, Student, Cal Poly SLO, Zoe Wood, Advisor, Cal Poly SLO,

Abstract—Game programming design and organization can be difﬁcult and complicated. To simplify the development

process, frameworks with an array of tools and utilities known as game engines are used. The main goal of this project

is to explore game engine designs and develop a design for a modular and expandable game engine. The designs

covered in this paper are Object Oriented Programing (OOP) and two Entity Component System (ECS). OOP designs,

commonly used in computer science, use a hierarchy of objects to share functionality. ECS designs are based off of the

concepts Composition over inheritance in which objects contain features instead of inheriting them. However, designs

have their own weaknesses, such as expandability in OOP design. The issue comes from the tightly coupled nature of

a hierarchy where changes made near the root of the hierarchy requires signiﬁcant code reconstruction. ECS solves

the coupling issue, however, problems exist with cross system communication and shared components across systems.

The two ECS designs used, Cupcake and Artemis, aim to solve these issues. By writing simple game applications,

the functionality of each design was tested and analysed. Using the two strengths of Cupcake and Artemis, this paper

proposes a new ECS design to minimize architectural issues.

1 INTRODUCTION

AME development can be a complicated

process. It can require the use of graph-

ics, sounds, physics, networks, artiﬁcial intel-

ligence, and input. A common practice is to

use existing libraries that implement a tech-

nology to save time and effort. Even so, tying

several technologies together into one system

can prove to be a difﬁcult task. Game engines

answer this problem by providing both the

framework and technology needed to make

a game. This allows game developers to skip

the struggle of implementing technologies and

focusing on game development.

The largest problem encountered when de-

veloping game engines is how to represent

game objects. Game objects can range from a

simple 2D image with no control or interaction

to a highly complex 3D object with controls,

sounds, animations, and AI. Conceptually, it is

easy to understand that game objects represent

entities within a game with several features.

• Daniel Hall is with the Computer Engineering Department,

California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA,

93407.

E-mail: daniel.ma.hall@gmail.com

• Zoe Wood is with Computer Science Department.

Manuscript received June 14, 2014

The issue arises when trying to organize an

architecture that can handle a combination of

features.

A common approach is to use an Object Ori-

ented Programming (OOP) architecture. How-

ever, due to the nature of inheritance and hi-

erarchies, difﬁculties arise when representing a

game object. Entity Component Systems (ECS)

became widely popular as the answer to OOPs

problems with game objects.

This paper will go over the disadvantages of

OOP, beneﬁts of ECS, variations of ECS, and a

proposed ECS design to promote modularity.

2 OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

Object Oriented Programming is a program-

ing design that is meant to be reusable and

modular. It represents information as objects

containing data and logic. A unique and prac-

tical feature of OOP is inheritance. This allows

the architecture to create a hierarchy of shared

features and structure which helps promote

code reuse and organization.

What would a hierarchy look like with game

objects? OOP sounds exactly what game en-

gines need for code reuse and organization.

Figure 1 is an example of what a hierarchy

may look like representing a vehicle and a

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