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首页华为HCIE深度解析:STP、RSTP与MSTP
华为HCIE深度解析:STP、RSTP与MSTP
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更新于2024-07-20
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"华为的HCIE复习资料涵盖了二层技术,包括STP、RSTP和MSTP的深入解析,以及VLAN的基础知识。资料详尽地介绍了这些协议的背景、概念、报文格式、拓扑计算、改进点、配置示例等内容,旨在帮助考生顺利通过华为HCIE的笔试部分。"
华为的HCIE(Huawei Certified ICT Expert)认证是针对企业网络专家级别的认证,其复习资料中关于二层技术的部分是备考的关键。首先,资料详细讲解了STP(Spanning Tree Protocol)和RSTP( Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol),这是确保局域网中无环路的重要协议。STP的出现是为了消除广播风暴和循环路径,它基于BPDU(Bridge Protocol Data Unit)进行拓扑计算,定义了五种端口状态,并通过选举机制确定根桥、指定桥和指定端口。RSTP在STP的基础上进行了优化,减少了端口状态转换时间,提高了网络收敛速度。
接下来,MSTP(Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol)的介绍是另一重点。MSTP允许在一个物理网络上创建多个独立的逻辑树,以实现更精细化的VLAN划分和负载均衡。MSTP包含 IST(Internal Spanning Tree)和多个MSTI(Multiple Spanning Tree Instance),每个实例对应一个或多个VLAN,增强了网络的灵活性和性能。MSTP的报文格式、拓扑计算方法和快速收敛机制都在资料中有详尽阐述。
此外,资料中还包含了VLAN(Virtual Local Area Network)的基础知识,VLAN能够将物理网络分割为多个逻辑网络,提高网络管理效率,防止广播风暴。资料中解释了VLAN的基本概念,如VLAN帧格式、链路类型(如Access、Trunk和Hybrid)和接口类型,这些都是构建和管理VLAN网络的基础。
最后,资料提供了配置STP、RSTP、MSTP以及MSTP与VRRP(Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol)组合组网的实例,帮助考生理解和掌握实际操作。这些配置示例涵盖了从组网需求分析到具体配置步骤的全过程,对于考生熟悉华为设备的配置操作大有裨益。
通过学习这份复习资料,考生不仅可以掌握理论知识,还能提升实际操作能力,为通过HCIE笔试做好充分准备。
配置过程 .............................................................................................................................................. 813
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................. 817
3.2
RIP
NG
....................................................................................................... 820
3.2.1
RIPng
的特性
..................................................................................................... 820
RIPng 与 RIP 的差异 ............................................................................................................................ 820
3.2.2
配置
RIPng
的基本功能示例
............................................................................. 820
组网要求 .............................................................................................................................................. 820
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................. 820
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................. 821
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................. 822
3.3
OSPF
V
3 .................................................................................................... 823
3.3.1
OSPFv3
基本原理
.............................................................................................. 823
OSPFv3 报文类型 ................................................................................................................................ 824
LSA 类型 ............................................................................................................................................. 824
设备类型 .............................................................................................................................................. 824
OSPFv3 路由类型 ................................................................................................................................ 825
区域类型 .............................................................................................................................................. 826
OSPFv3 支持的网络类型 ..................................................................................................................... 826
Stub 区域.............................................................................................................................................. 827
OSPFv3 路由聚合 ................................................................................................................................ 827
OSPFv3 虚连接 .................................................................................................................................... 827
OSPFv3 多进程 .................................................................................................................................... 828
3.3.2
OSPFv3 GR ........................................................................................................ 828
基本概念 .............................................................................................................................................. 828
GR 过程 ............................................................................................................................................... 829
有无 GR 技术的比较............................................................................................................................ 830
3.3.3
OSPFv3
与
BGP
联动
........................................................................................ 831
OSPFv3 与 BGP 联动过程 ................................................................................................................... 832
3.3.4
OSPFv3
和
OSPFv2
协议比较
............................................................................ 832
3.3.5
配置
OSPFv3
区域示例
..................................................................................... 834
组网需求 .............................................................................................................................................. 834
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................. 834
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................. 834
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................. 837
3.3.6
配置
OSPFv3
的
DR
选择示例
........................................................................... 839
组网需求 .............................................................................................................................................. 839
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................. 840
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................. 840
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................. 842
3.4
MP-BGP ................................................................................................... 844
3.4.1
MP-BGP............................................................................................................. 844
扩展属性 .............................................................................................................................................. 844
地址族.................................................................................................................................................. 844
3.4.2
配置
BGP4+
基本功能示例
................................................................................ 845
组网需求 .............................................................................................................................................. 845
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................. 845
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................. 845
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................. 847
3.4.3
配置
BGP4+
路由反射示例
................................................................................ 849
组网需求 .............................................................................................................................................. 849
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................. 849
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................. 849
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................. 852
第四章
MPLS VPN .......................................................................... 855
4.1
MPLS
基础
............................................................................................... 855
4.1.1
MPLS
基本结构
................................................................................................. 855
网络结构 .............................................................................................................................................. 855
体系结构 .............................................................................................................................................. 856
4.1.2
MPLS
标签
........................................................................................................ 857
转发等价类 .......................................................................................................................................... 857
标签 ..................................................................................................................................................... 857
标签空间 .............................................................................................................................................. 857
标签栈.................................................................................................................................................. 858
标签操作类型 ...................................................................................................................................... 858
4.1.3
LSP
的建立
........................................................................................................ 859
LSP 的基本建立过程 ........................................................................................................................... 859
静态 LSP 的建立 .................................................................................................................................. 859
动态 LSP 的建立 .................................................................................................................................. 859
4.1.4
MPLS
转发
........................................................................................................ 860
MPLS 报文的基本转发原理 ................................................................................................................ 860
MPLS 详细转发过程 ............................................................................................................................ 860
4.1.5
MPLS
对
TTL
的处理
........................................................................................ 862
MPLS 对 TTL 的处理模式 ................................................................................................................... 862
ICMP 响应报文 .................................................................................................................................... 863
4.1.6
MPLS QoS
的实现
............................................................................................. 863
MPLS DiffServ ..................................................................................................................................... 863
MPLS DiffServ 的隧道化模式 .............................................................................................................. 864
4.1.7
MPLS Ping/MPLS Tracert................................................................................... 864
介绍 ..................................................................................................................................................... 864
MPLS Ping ........................................................................................................................................... 865
MPLS Tracert........................................................................................................................................ 865
4.1.8
配置静态
LSP
示例
............................................................................................ 866
组网需求 .............................................................................................................................................. 866
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................. 866
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................. 866
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................. 872
4.1.9
配置静态
BFD
检测静态
LSP
示例
.................................................................... 874
组网需求 .............................................................................................................................................. 874
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................. 875
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................. 875
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................. 881
4.2
MPLS
LDP ............................................................................................... 884
4.2.1
LDP
基本概念
.................................................................................................... 884
LDP 邻接体.......................................................................................................................................... 884
LDP 对等体.......................................................................................................................................... 884
LDP 会话 ............................................................................................................................................. 884
LDP 消息类型 ...................................................................................................................................... 885
标签空间 .............................................................................................................................................. 885
LDP 标识符.......................................................................................................................................... 886
4.2.2
LDP
工作机制
.................................................................................................... 886
LDP 会话 ............................................................................................................................................. 886
标签的发布和管理 ............................................................................................................................... 887
4.2.3
LDP
标签过滤机制
............................................................................................ 890
LDP Outbound 策略.............................................................................................................................. 890
LDP Inbound 策略 ................................................................................................................................ 890
4.2.4
LDP
与静态路由联动
........................................................................................ 891
4.2.5
LDP
与
IGP
联动
............................................................................................... 891
产生背景 .............................................................................................................................................. 891
相关概念 .............................................................................................................................................. 892
实现过程 .............................................................................................................................................. 892
4.2.6
BFD for LSP....................................................................................................... 893
实现机制 .............................................................................................................................................. 893
BFD 会话的建立 .................................................................................................................................. 893
4.2.7
LDP FRR............................................................................................................ 894
应用场景 .............................................................................................................................................. 895
4.2.8
LDP GR ............................................................................................................. 895
4.2.9
LDP NSR ........................................................................................................... 896
4.2.10
LDP
安全机制
.................................................................................................... 897
LDP 报文 MD5 验证 ............................................................................................................................ 897
LDP 报文 Keychain 验证...................................................................................................................... 897
LDP GTSM........................................................................................................................................... 897
4.2.11
LDP
跨域扩展
.................................................................................................... 898
4.2.12
配置
LDP
本地会话示例
.................................................................................... 899
组网需求 .............................................................................................................................................. 899
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................. 899
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................. 899
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................. 901
4.2.13
配置远端
LDP
会话示例
.................................................................................... 903
组网需求 .............................................................................................................................................. 903
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................. 903
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................. 903
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................. 905
4.2.14
配置
LDP
自动触发
DoD
请求功能示例
........................................................... 907
组网需求 .............................................................................................................................................. 907
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................. 907
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................. 907
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................. 912
4.2.15
配置
LSP
建立的触发策略示例
......................................................................... 914
组网需求 .............................................................................................................................................. 914
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................. 915
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................. 915
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................. 916
4.2.16
配置
Transit LSP
建立的触发策略示例
.............................................................. 918
组网需求 .............................................................................................................................................. 918
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................. 918
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................. 918
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................. 921
4.2.17
配置
PWE3
策略示例
........................................................................................ 923
组网需求 .............................................................................................................................................. 923
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................. 924
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................. 924
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................. 930
4.2.18
配置静态
BFD
检测
LDP LSP
示例
................................................................... 933
组网需求 .............................................................................................................................................. 933
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................. 933
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................. 934
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................. 938
4.2.19
配置动态
BFD
检测
LDP LSP
示例
................................................................... 941
组网需求 .............................................................................................................................................. 941
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................. 941
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................. 941
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................. 944
4.2.20
配置
LDP
和静态路由同步示例
........................................................................ 946
组网需求 .............................................................................................................................................. 946
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................. 947
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................. 947
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................. 950
4.2.21
配置
LDP
与
IGP
联动示例
............................................................................... 953
组网需求 .............................................................................................................................................. 953
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................. 953
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................. 953
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................. 957
4.2.22
配置
LDP GR
示例
............................................................................................. 960
组网需求 .............................................................................................................................................. 960
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................. 960
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................. 961
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................. 962
4.2.23
配置
Manual LDP FRR
示例
.............................................................................. 964
组网需求 .............................................................................................................................................. 964
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................. 965
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................. 965
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................. 968
4.2.24
配置
LDP Auto FRR
示例
.................................................................................. 971
组网需求 .............................................................................................................................................. 971
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................. 971
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................. 971
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................. 977
4.2.25
配置
LDP Inbound
策略示例
.............................................................................. 980
组网需求 .............................................................................................................................................. 980
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................. 980
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................. 980
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................. 983
4.2.26
配置
LDP Outbound
策略示例
........................................................................... 985
组网需求 .............................................................................................................................................. 985
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................. 985
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................. 986
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................. 988
4.2.27
配置
LDP GTSM
示例
....................................................................................... 990
组网需求 .............................................................................................................................................. 990
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................. 991
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................. 991
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................. 992
4.2.28
配置
LDP
跨域扩展示例
.................................................................................... 994
组网需求 .............................................................................................................................................. 994
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................. 994
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................. 994
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................. 999
4.3
BGP/MPLS
IP
VPN................................................................................. 1002
4.3.1
基本概念
.......................................................................................................... 1002
Site ......................................................................................................................................................1002
地址空间重叠 .....................................................................................................................................1003
VPN 实例 ............................................................................................................................................1003
RD 和 VPN-IPv4 地址 .........................................................................................................................1004
VPN Target ..........................................................................................................................................1005
4.3.2
基本原理
.......................................................................................................... 1005
私网标签分配 .....................................................................................................................................1006
私网路由交叉 .....................................................................................................................................1006
公网隧道迭代 .....................................................................................................................................1006
私网路由的选择规则 ..........................................................................................................................1006
BGP/MPLS IP VPN 的路由发布..........................................................................................................1007
BGP/MPLS IP VPN 的报文转发..........................................................................................................1008
4.3.3
基本组网
.......................................................................................................... 1009
Intranet VPN ........................................................................................................................................1009
Extranet VPN .......................................................................................................................................1010
Hub and Spoke ..................................................................................................................................... 1011
4.3.4
VPN FRR ......................................................................................................... 1011
产生背景 ............................................................................................................................................. 1011
实现原理 .............................................................................................................................................1012
4.3.5
VPN GR ........................................................................................................... 1013
概述 ....................................................................................................................................................1013
实现前提 .............................................................................................................................................1013
实现过程 .............................................................................................................................................1013
4.3.6
VPN NSR ......................................................................................................... 1014
4.3.7
配置
BGP/MPLS IP VPN
示例
......................................................................... 1014
组网需求 .............................................................................................................................................1014
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................1015
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................1015
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................1024
4.3.8
配置
BGP/MPLS IP VPN
地址空间重叠示例
................................................... 1029
组网需求 .............................................................................................................................................1029
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................1029
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................1030
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................1037
4.3.9
配置本地
VPN
互访示例
................................................................................. 1041
组网需求 .............................................................................................................................................1041
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................1042
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................1042
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................1044
4.3.10
配置
Hub and Spoke
示例
................................................................................. 1046
组网需求 .............................................................................................................................................1046
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................1046
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................1047
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................1052
4.3.11
配置
Multi-VPN-Instance CE
示例
................................................................... 1057
组网需求 .............................................................................................................................................1057
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................1058
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................1058
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................1065
4.3.12
配置
VPN
报文策略路由到
LSP
示例
.............................................................. 1071
组网需求 .............................................................................................................................................1071
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................1072
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................1072
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................1074
4.3.13
配置
HoVPN
示例
............................................................................................ 1079
组网需求 .............................................................................................................................................1079
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................1079
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................1080
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................1085
4.3.14
配置
OSPF
伪连接示例
................................................................................... 1089
组网需求 .............................................................................................................................................1089
配置思路 .............................................................................................................................................1090
操作步骤 .............................................................................................................................................1090
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................1098
4.3.15
置
BGP AS
号替换示例
.................................................................................... 1103
组网需求 ............................................................................................................................................. 1103
配置思路 ............................................................................................................................................. 1103
操作步骤 ............................................................................................................................................. 1104
配置文件 ............................................................................................................................................. 1107
4.3.16
配置
CE
双归属示例
.........................................................................................1111
组网需求 ............................................................................................................................................. 1111
配置思路 ............................................................................................................................................. 1112
操作步骤 ............................................................................................................................................. 1112
配置文件 ............................................................................................................................................. 1122
4.3.17
配置
VPN FRR
示例
........................................................................................ 1129
组网需求 ............................................................................................................................................. 1129
配置思路 ............................................................................................................................................. 1129
操作步骤 ............................................................................................................................................. 1129
配置文件 ............................................................................................................................................. 1135
4.3.18
配置私网
IP FRR
示例
..................................................................................... 1140
组网需求 ............................................................................................................................................. 1140
配置思路 ............................................................................................................................................. 1140
操作步骤 ............................................................................................................................................. 1140
配置文件 ............................................................................................................................................. 1144
4.3.19
配置双反射器优化
VPN
骨干层示例
.............................................................. 1146
组网需求 ............................................................................................................................................. 1146
配置思路 ............................................................................................................................................. 1147
操作步骤 ............................................................................................................................................. 1147
配置文件 ............................................................................................................................................. 1153
4.3.20
配置
VPN
与
Internet
互联示例
....................................................................... 1159
组网需求 ............................................................................................................................................. 1159
配置思路 ............................................................................................................................................. 1160
操作步骤 ............................................................................................................................................. 1160
配置文件 ............................................................................................................................................. 1165
4.3.21
配置应用于
L3VPN
的隧道策略示例
.............................................................. 1169
组网需求 ............................................................................................................................................. 1169
配置思路 ............................................................................................................................................. 1170
操作步骤 ............................................................................................................................................. 1170
配置文件 ............................................................................................................................................. 1179
4.3.22
配置
MCE IPv6
示例
........................................................................................ 1185
组网需求 ............................................................................................................................................. 1185
配置思路 ............................................................................................................................................. 1186
操作步骤 ............................................................................................................................................. 1186
配置文件 ............................................................................................................................................. 1191
4.3.23
配置基本
BGP/MPLS IPv6 VPN
示例
.............................................................. 1199
组网需求 ............................................................................................................................................. 1199
配置思路 ............................................................................................................................................. 1199
操作步骤 ............................................................................................................................................. 1199
配置文件 .............................................................................................................................................1208
4.3.24
配置
Hub&Spoke
示例(
PE
与
CE
间使用
BGP4+
)
...................................... 1215
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