Subversion 1.7 版本控制指南

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"Version Control with Subversion" 是一本关于Subversion（简称SVN）的详细指南，涵盖了从基础概念到高级用法的多个主题，包括版本控制基础、基本使用、高级话题、分支与合并、仓库管理、服务器配置、自定义Subversion体验、嵌入Subversion以及完整的Subversion参考。本书由Ben Collins-Sussman、Brian W. Fitzpatrick和C. Michael Pilato共同编著，并针对Subversion 1.7版本进行了编译。 Subversion是一种广泛使用的版本控制系统，它允许开发者跟踪和控制代码的修改历史，便于团队协作和项目管理。以下是对各个部分的详细说明： 1. **Fundamental Concepts**：这部分介绍版本控制的基本原理，如如何通过版本控制系统来保存文件的不同版本，以及Subversion中的核心概念——仓库（Repository）和工作副本（Working Copy）。仓库是存储所有版本信息的中央数据库，而工作副本则是开发者在本地进行修改的目录，它可以独立于仓库进行操作，然后将更改提交回仓库。 2. **Basic Usage**：这部分讲解如何使用Subversion进行基本操作，如检出（Checkout）、提交（Commit）、更新（Update）和冲突解决。这些操作是日常开发流程中的关键步骤。 3. **Advanced Topics**：高级话题可能包括标签（Tagging）、分支策略（Branching Strategy）、合并（Merging）以及如何处理冲突。分支和合并是Subversion中的强大功能，允许开发人员在不影响主线开发的情况下并行工作。 4. **Branching and Merging**：分支和合并是版本控制的重要方面，允许团队成员在独立的分支上工作，然后将这些更改安全地合并回主分支。 5. **Repository Administration**：这部分涉及到仓库的管理，包括创建、备份、恢复、权限设置和日志管理。有效的仓库管理可以确保数据的安全性和团队的高效协作。 6. **Server Configuration**：讲解如何配置Subversion服务器，包括设置访问控制、性能优化和网络协议选择等，以适应不同的开发环境和需求。 7. **Customizing Your Subversion Experience**：这部分介绍如何根据个人或团队的需求定制Subversion的工作流程，例如通过客户端插件和钩子脚本来增强功能和自动化流程。 8. **Embedding Subversion**：对于软件开发者，这部分会解释如何将Subversion嵌入到自己的应用程序中，以提供版本控制功能。 9. **Subversion Complete Reference**：这是Subversion的全面参考手册，包含了所有命令、选项和API的详细信息，是开发者解决问题和深入理解Subversion的必备资源。这本书适合所有使用Subversion的用户，无论你是初学者还是经验丰富的开发者，都能从中找到所需的信息。书中不仅有理论知识，还有实践案例，帮助读者理解和掌握Subversion的各个方面。此外，由于采用了Creative Commons Attribution License，该书可以免费阅读和分发，为更多的人提供了学习Subversion的机会。

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Figure 1. Subversion's architecture

On one end is a Subversion repository that holds all of your versioned data. On the other end is your Subversion client program,

which manages local reflections of portions of that versioned data. Between these extremes are multiple routes through a Repository

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Access (RA) layer, some of which go across computer networks and through network servers which then access the repository, others

of which bypass the network altogether and access the repository directly.

Subversion's Components

Subversion, once installed, has a number of different pieces. The following is a quick overview of what you get. Don't be alarmed if

the brief descriptions leave you scratching your head—plenty more pages in this book are devoted to alleviating that confusion.

svn

The command-line client program

svnversion

A program for reporting the state (in terms of revisions of the items present) of a working copy

svnlook

A tool for directly inspecting a Subversion repository

svnadmin

A tool for creating, tweaking, or repairing a Subversion repository

mod_dav_svn

A plug-in module for the Apache HTTP Server, used to make your repository available to others over a network

svnserve

A custom standalone server program, runnable as a daemon process or invokable by SSH; another way to make your repository

available to others over a network

svndumpfilter

A program for filtering Subversion repository dump streams

svnsync

A program for incrementally mirroring one repository to another over a network

svnrdump

A program for performing repository history dumps and loads over a network

What's New in Subversion

The first edition of this book was published by O'Reilly Media in 2004, shortly after Subversion had reached 1.0. Since that time, the

Subversion project has continued to release new major releases of the software. Here's a quick summary of major new changes since

Subversion 1.0. Note that this is not a complete list; for full details, please visit Subversion's web site at http://subversion.apache.org.

Subversion 1.1 (September 2004)

Release 1.1 introduced FSFS, a flat-file repository storage option for the repository. While the Berkeley DB backend is still

widely used and supported, FSFS has since become the default choice for newly created repositories due to its low barrier to

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entry and minimal maintenance requirements. Also in this release came the ability to put symbolic links under version control,

auto-escaping of URLs, and a localized user interface.

Subversion 1.2 (May 2005)

Release 1.2 introduced the ability to create server-side locks on files, thus serializing commit access to certain resources. While

Subversion is still a fundamentally concurrent version control system, certain types of binary files (e.g. art assets) cannot

be merged together. The locking feature fulfills the need to version and protect such resources. With locking also came a

complete WebDAV auto-versioning implementation, allowing Subversion repositories to be mounted as network folders. Finally,

Subversion 1.2 began using a new, faster binary-differencing algorithm to compress and retrieve old versions of files.

Subversion 1.3 (December 2005)

Release 1.3 brought path-based authorization controls to the svnserve server, matching a feature formerly found only in the

Apache server. The Apache server, however, gained some new logging features of its own, and Subversion's API bindings to

other languages also made great leaps forward.

Subversion 1.4 (September 2006)

Release 1.4 introduced a whole new tool—svnsync—for doing one-way repository replication over a network. Major parts of

the working copy metadata were revamped to no longer use XML (resulting in client-side speed gains), while the Berkeley DB

repository backend gained the ability to automatically recover itself after a server crash.

Subversion 1.5 (June 2008)

Release 1.5 took much longer to finish than prior releases, but the headliner feature was gigantic: semi-automated tracking of

branching and merging. This was a huge boon for users, and pushed Subversion far beyond the abilities of CVS and into the

ranks of commercial competitors such as Perforce and ClearCase. Subversion 1.5 also introduced a bevy of other user-focused

features, such as interactive resolution of file conflicts, sparse checkouts, client-side management of changelists, powerful new

syntax for externals definitions, and SASL authentication support for the svnserve server.

Subversion 1.6 (March 2009)

Release 1.6 continued to make branching and merging more robust by introducing tree conflicts, and offered improvements to

several other existing features: more interactive conflict resolution options; de-telescoping and outright exclusion support for

sparse checkouts; file-based externals definitions; and operational logging support for svnserve similar to what mod_dav_svn

offered. Also, the command-line client introduced a new shortcut syntax for referring to Subversion repository URLs.

Subversion 1.7 (October 2011)

Release 1.7 was primarily a delivery vehicle for two big plumbing overhauls of existing Subversion components. The largest and

most impactful of these was the so-called “WC-NG”—a complete rewrite of the libsvn_wc working copy management library.

The second change was the introduction of a sleeker HTTP protocol for Subversion client/server interaction. Subversion 1.7

delivered a handful of additional features, many bug fixes, and some notable performance improvements, too.

Audience

This book is written for computer-literate folk who want to use Subversion to manage their data. While Subversion runs on a number

of different operating systems, its primary user interface is command-line-based. That command-line tool (svn), and some additional

auxiliary programs, are the focus of this book.

For consistency, the examples in this book assume that the reader is using a Unix-like operating system and is relatively comfortable

with Unix and command-line interfaces. That said, the svn program also runs on non-Unix platforms such as Microsoft Windows.

With a few minor exceptions, such as the use of backward slashes (\) instead of forward slashes (/) for path separators, the input to

and output from this tool when run on Windows are identical to that of its Unix counterpart.

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Most readers are probably programmers or system administrators who need to track changes to source code. This is the most common

use for Subversion, and therefore it is the scenario underlying all of the book's examples. But Subversion can be used to manage

changes to any sort of information—images, music, databases, documentation, and so on. To Subversion, all data is just data.

While this book is written with the assumption that the reader has never used a version control system, we've also tried to make

it easy for users of CVS (and other systems) to make a painless leap into Subversion. Special sidebars may mention other version

control systems from time to time, and Appendix B, Subversion for CVS Users summarizes many of the differences between CVS

and Subversion.

Note also that the source code examples used throughout the book are only examples. While they will compile with the proper compiler

incantations, they are intended to illustrate a particular scenario and not necessarily to serve as examples of good programming style

or practices.

How to Read This Book

Technical books always face a certain dilemma: whether to cater to top-down or to bottom-up learners. A top-down learner prefers to

read or skim documentation, getting a large overview of how the system works; only then does she actually start using the software.

A bottom-up learner is a “learn by doing” person—someone who just wants to dive into the software and figure it out as she goes,

referring to book sections when necessary. Most books tend to be written for one type of person or the other, and this book is

undoubtedly biased toward top-down learners. (And if you're actually reading this section, you're probably already a top-down learner

yourself!) However, if you're a bottom-up person, don't despair. While the book may be laid out as a broad survey of Subversion

topics, the content of each section tends to be heavy with specific examples that you can try-by-doing. For the impatient folks who

just want to get going, you can jump right to Appendix A, Subversion Quick-Start Guide.

Regardless of your learning style, this book aims to be useful to people of widely different backgrounds—from those with no previous

experience in version control to experienced system administrators. Depending on your own background, certain chapters may be

more or less important to you. The following can be considered a “recommended reading list” for various types of readers:

Experienced system administrators

The assumption here is that you've probably used version control before and are dying to get a Subversion server up and

running ASAP. Chapter 5, Repository Administration and Chapter 6, Server Configuration will show you how to create your

first repository and make it available over the network. After that's done, Chapter 2, Basic Usage and Appendix B, Subversion

for CVS Users are the fastest routes to learning the Subversion client.

New users

Your administrator has probably set up Subversion already, and you need to learn how to use the client. If you've never used

a version control system, then Chapter 1, Fundamental Concepts is a vital introduction to the ideas behind version control.

Chapter 2, Basic Usage is a guided tour of the Subversion client.

Advanced users

Whether you're a user or administrator, eventually your project will grow larger. You're going to want to learn how to do more

advanced things with Subversion, such as how to use Subversion's property support (Chapter 3, Advanced Topics), how to use

branches and perform merges (Chapter 4, Branching and Merging), how to configure runtime options (Chapter 7, Customizing

Your Subversion Experience), and other things. These chapters aren't critical at first, but be sure to read them once you're

comfortable with the basics.

Developers

Presumably, you're already familiar with Subversion, and now want to either extend it or build new software on top of its many

APIs. Chapter 8, Embedding Subversion is just for you.

The book ends with reference material—Chapter 9, Subversion Complete Reference is a reference guide for all Subversion commands,

and the appendixes cover a number of useful topics. These are the chapters you're mostly likely to come back to after you've finished

the book.

Preface

Organization of This Book

The chapters that follow and their contents are listed here:

Chapter 1, Fundamental Concepts

Explains the basics of version control and different versioning models, along with Subversion's repository, working copies, and

revisions.

Chapter 2, Basic Usage

Walks you through a day in the life of a Subversion user. It demonstrates how to use a Subversion client to obtain, modify,

and commit data.

Chapter 3, Advanced Topics

Covers more complex features that regular users will eventually come into contact with, such as versioned metadata, file locking,

and peg revisions.

Chapter 4, Branching and Merging

Discusses branches, merges, and tagging, including best practices for branching and merging, common use cases, how to undo

changes, and how to easily swing from one branch to the next.

Chapter 5, Repository Administration

Describes the basics of the Subversion repository, how to create, configure, and maintain a repository, and the tools you can

use to do all of this.

Chapter 6, Server Configuration

Explains how to configure your Subversion server and offers different ways to access your repository: HTTP, the svn protocol,

and local disk access. It also covers the details of authentication, authorization and anonymous access.

Chapter 7, Customizing Your Subversion Experience

Explores the Subversion client configuration files, the handling of internationalized text, and how to make external tools cooperate

with Subversion.

Chapter 8, Embedding Subversion

Describes the internals of Subversion, the Subversion filesystem, and the working copy administrative areas from a programmer's

point of view. It also demonstrates how to use the public APIs to write a program that uses Subversion.

Chapter 9, Subversion Complete Reference

Explains in great detail every subcommand of svn, svnadmin, and svnlook with plenty of examples for the whole family!

Appendix A, Subversion Quick-Start Guide

For the impatient, a whirlwind explanation of how to install Subversion and start using it immediately. You have been warned.

Appendix B, Subversion for CVS Users

Covers the similarities and differences between Subversion and CVS, with numerous suggestions on how to break all the bad

habits you picked up from years of using CVS. Included are descriptions of Subversion revision numbers, versioned directories,

offline operations, update versus status, branches, tags, metadata, conflict resolution, and authentication.

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