C++标准库教程与参考：权威指南
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《C++标准程序库：教程与参考》是一本深入介绍C++语言标准库的专业书籍，由尼科莱·乔苏蒂斯(Nicolai Josuttis)编著。该书是C++编程的重要参考资料，它涵盖了C++ Standard Library的各个方面，旨在帮助读者理解和熟练运用这一强大的工具集。
C++标准程序库是C++语言的核心组成部分，包含了大量用于处理各种任务的类、函数和算法，如容器（如vector, list, map, set等）、迭代器、字符串处理、输入输出流、异常处理、线程以及内存管理等。这些库的设计旨在提供一致性、效率和性能，使程序员能够高效地构建复杂的应用程序。
书中以实践为导向，通过实例演示如何利用这些库进行文件操作、数据结构操作、网络编程、日期时间处理以及高级算法的实现。对于初学者来说，这本书不仅提供了理论知识，还提供了丰富的习题和案例研究，帮助他们逐步掌握标准库的使用。
作者尼科莱·乔苏蒂斯以其深厚的C++功底和教学经验，确保了内容的准确性和易理解性。然而，值得注意的是，尽管本书力求详尽，但并不担保无误，也未承担因使用书中的信息或程序可能导致的偶然或间接损失的责任。出版社Addison-Wesley Longman Inc. 提供了批量订购的折扣，对于更多的购买信息，读者可以联系AWL Direct Sales获取详情。
此外，该书在版权方面，制造商和销售商使用的某些标识可能为商标，当这些标识出现在书中时，出版社已尽力尊重商标权，遵循相应的格式规范。《C++标准程序库》已在美国国会图书馆进行了目录编目，便于读者查找和借阅。
《C++标准程序库：教程与参考》是一本不可或缺的C++学习资料，无论是专业开发人员还是希望提升C++技能的程序员，都应将其视为扩展知识库和提高编程能力的宝贵资源。通过系统地学习和实践书中的内容，读者将能更有效地利用C++标准库，进而提升编程质量和项目效率。
The C++ Standard Library
dyne-book
15
Templates are functions or classes that are written for one or more types not yet specified. When
you use a template, you pass the types as arguments, explicitly or implicitly. The following is a
typical example — a function that returns the maximum of two values:
template <class T>
inline const T& max (const T& a, const T& b)
{
// if a <b then use b else use a
return a < b ? b : a;
}
Here, the first line defines T as an arbitrary data type that is specified by the caller when the caller
calls the function. You can use any identifier as a parameter name, but using T is very common, if
not a de facto convention. The type is classified by class, although it does not have to be a
class. You can use any data type as long as it provides the operations that the template uses.
[3]
[3]
class was used here to avoid the introduction of a new keyword when templates were introduced.
However, now there is a new keyword, typename, that you can also use here (see page 11).
Following the same principle, you can "parameterize" classes on arbitrary types. This is useful for
container classes. You can implement the container operations for an arbitrary element type. The
C++ standard library provides many template container classes (for example, see Chapter 6 or
Chapter 10). It also uses template classes for many other reasons. For example, the string
classes are parameterized on the type of the characters and the properties of the character set
(see Chapter 11).
A template is not compiled once to generate code usable for any type; instead, it is compiled for
each type or combination of types for which it is used. This leads to an important problem in the
handling of templates in practice: You must have the implementation of a template function
available when you call it, so that you can compile the function for your specific type. Therefore,
the only portable way of using templates at the moment is to implement them in header files by
using inline functions.
[4]
[4]
To avoid the problem of templates having to be present in header files, the standard introduced a
template compilation model with the keyword export. However, I have not seen it implemented yet.
The full functionality of the C++ standard library requires not only the support of templates in
general, but also many new standardized template features, including those discussed in the
following paragraphs.
Nontype Template Parameters
In addition to type parameters, it is also possible to use nontype parameters. A nontype
parameter is then considered as part of the type. For example, for the standard class bitset<>
(class bitset<> is introduced in Section 10.4,) you can pass the number of bits as the
template argument. The following statements define two bitfields, one with 32 bits and one with
50 bits:
bitset<32> fIags32; // bitset with 32 bits
bitset<50> flags50; // bitset with 50 bits
These bitsets have different types because they use different template arguments. Thus, you
can't assign or compare them (except if a corresponding type conversion is provided).
Default Template Parameters
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