Python官方双语参考手册：理解中英对照

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"Python_语言参考手册_双语" Python是一种解释型、面向对象、高级编程语言，具有动态语义。它的内置高级数据结构，加上动态类型和动态绑定，使其成为编写简洁、高效代码的理想选择。这本《Python语言参考手册》是Python 2.3.3版本的官方文档，由Guido van Rossum编写，Fred L. Drake, Jr.编辑，并由一个翻译团队将其翻译成中英文双语版，方便用户对照学习。手册内容涵盖了Python语言的各个方面，包括但不限于： 1. **语法**：包括语句（如控制流语句、函数定义、类定义）、表达式（如算术运算符、比较运算符、逻辑运算符）、字符串和文本处理、列表、元组、字典等数据结构。 2. **类型与操作符**：详述了Python中的各种内置类型，如整型、浮点型、复数、布尔型、字符串、字节串、序列、映射、集合等，以及它们之间的操作和转换。 3. **函数与模块**：阐述了函数的定义、参数传递、作用域规则，以及模块的导入、导出和使用。 4. **面向对象编程**：介绍了类的定义、继承、方法、属性、封装、多态等核心概念。 5. **异常处理**：讲解了如何使用try/except/finally语句来处理程序运行时可能出现的错误。 6. **标准库**：简要概述了Python标准库中的主要模块和功能，这些模块涵盖了系统接口、网络通信、文件处理、数据结构等多个领域。 7. **编译与执行**：讨论了Python源代码的编译过程，解释器的工作方式，以及如何使用Python的交互模式。 8. **标准输入/输出**：如何读写文件，以及与命令行交互的基本方法。翻译团队在2004年2月18日完成了译文的最后修改，但文档中指出翻译工作仍在进行，可能存在不准确或未完善的部分，鼓励读者在发现错误或有疑问时提供反馈。手册的版权由Python Software Foundation、BeOpen.com、Corporation for National Research Initiatives和Stichting Mathematisch Centrum持有，并提供了完整的版权和使用许可信息。中文译稿的使用者可以自由传播，但必须保持文档完整，并保留版权声明。对于文档的更新、错误修正和建议，读者可以通过LinuxForum的Python编程区或指定的电子邮件地址进行交流。手册的更新记录可在ChangLog.html文件中查看，而进度表明正文部分已经全部完成。这使得手册成为Python初学者和进阶者的重要参考资料。

(1) Individual code units which form parts of a surrogate pair can be encoded using this escape sequence.

(2) Any Unicode character can be encoded this way, but characters outside the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP)

will be encoded using a surrogate pair if Python is compiled to use 16-bit code units (the default). Individual

code units which form parts of a surrogate pair can be encoded using this escape sequence.

(3) As in Standard C, up to three octal digits are accepted.

(4) Unlike in Standard C, at most two hex digits are accepted.

Unlike Standard C, all unrecognized escape sequences are left in the string unchanged, i.e., the backslash is left

in the string. (This behavior is useful when debugging: if an escape sequence is mistyped, the resulting output

is more easily recognized as broken.) It is also important to note that the escape sequences marked as “(Unicode

only)” in the table above fall into the category of unrecognized escapes for non-Unicode string literals.

不像标准C, 所有不能被解释的转义序列留在串不作改变, 即反斜线留在串中(这个行为在调试中有用:

如果输入出错, 这样可以很容易地判断出错), 也要注意, 上面仅仅在Unicode中才有效的转义序列,在

非Unicode字面值中是无效的.

When an ‘r’ or ‘R’ preﬁx is present, a character following a backslash is included in the string without change,

and all backslashes are left in the string. For example, the string literal r"\n" consists of two characters: a

backslash and a lowercase ‘n’. String quotes can be escaped with a backslash, but the backslash remains in the

string; for example, r"\"" is a valid string literal consisting of two characters: a backslash and a double quote;

r"\" is not a valid string literal (even a raw string cannot end in an odd number of backslashes). Speciﬁcally,

a raw string cannot end in a single backslash (since the backslash would escape the following quote character).

Note also that a single backslash followed by a newline is interpreted as those two characters as part of the string,

not as a line continuation.

当给出’r’或’R’时, 跟随反斜线后面的字符不被改变, 并且所有制的反斜线字符都会留在串中.例

如,串r"\n"由两个字符组成:一个反斜线的一个小写的’n’.引用字符可以用反斜线引用, 但反斜线会留

在串中.比如r"\""是一个有效的串字面值(即使原始串不能以连续的奇数个反斜线结束). 另外, 原始不能

以一个反斜线结束(因为反斜线会把后面的引用字符转义), 也要注意新行号前的反斜线是解释为串中的两

个字符, 而不是作为续行处理.

When an ‘r’ or ‘R’ preﬁx is used in conjunction with a ‘u’ or ‘U’ preﬁx, then the \uXXXX escape sequence is

processed while all other backslashes are left in the string. For example, the string literal ur"\u0062\n" con-

sists of three Unicode characters: ‘LATIN SMALL LETTER B’, ‘REVERSE SOLIDUS’, and ‘LATIN SMALL

LETTER N’. Backslashes can be escaped with a preceding backslash; however, both remain in the string. As a

result, \uXXXX escape sequences are only recognized when there are an odd number of backslashes.

2.4.2 串字面值的连接String literal concatenation

Multiple adjacent string literals (delimited by whitespace), possibly using different quoting conventions, are

allowed, and their meaning is the same as their concatenation. Thus, "hello" ’world’ is equivalent to

"helloworld". This feature can be used to reduce the number of backslashes needed, to split long strings

conveniently across long lines, or even to add comments to parts of strings, for example:

多个相邻的串字面值(由空白分隔), 可能使用不同的引用习惯, 是允许的, 并且它的含义在连接时是一样的

行.因此, ”hello””world”等价于”helloworld”.这个待征可以用来减少原本要使用的反斜线的数目, 可以把一

个长串分隔在多行上,下班甚至在串的某个部分加上注释, 例如:

re.compile("[A-Za-z_]" # letter or underscore

"[A-Za-z0-9_]*" # letter, digit or underscore

)

Note that this feature is deﬁned at the syntactical level, but implemented at compile time. The ‘+’ operator must

be used to concatenate string expressions at run time. Also note that literal concatenation can use different quoting

styles for each component (even mixing raw strings and triple quoted strings).

注意这个功能是定义在句法层次上的, 但是是在编译时实现的.在运行时连接串必须使用”+”运算符. 并且

不同的引用字符可以混用, 甚至可以将原始串与三重引用串混着用.

10 第二章 2. 词法分析Lexical analysis

2.4.3 数值型的字面值Numeric literals

There are four types of numeric literals: plain integers, long integers, ﬂoating point numbers, and imaginary num-

bers. There are no complex literals (complex numbers can be formed by adding a real number and an imaginary

number).

存在有四种类型的数值型的字面值:普通整数,长整数, 浮点数和虚数.没有复数字面值(复数可以以一个实

数加上一个虚数的形式给出)

Note that numeric literals do not include a sign; a phrase like -1 is actually an expression composed of the unary

operator ‘-’ and the literal 1.

注意数值型的字面值不包括符号(译注:正负号), 像-1实际上是个组合了一元运算符”-”和字面值1的表达式.

2.4.4 整数和长整数型的字面值Integer and long integer literals

Integer and long integer literals are described by the following lexical deﬁnitions:

整数和长整数型字面值可以用以下词法定义:

longinteger ::= integer ("l" | "L")

integer ::= decimalinteger | octinteger | hexinteger

decimalinteger ::= nonzerodigit digit* | "0"

octinteger ::= "0" octdigit+

hexinteger ::= "0" ("x" | "X") hexdigit+

nonzerodigit ::= "1"..."9"

octdigit ::= "0"..."7"

hexdigit ::= digit | "a"..."f" | "A"..."F"

Although both lower case ‘l’ and upper case ‘L’ are allowed as sufﬁx for long integers, it is strongly recommended

to always use ‘L’, since the letter ‘l’ looks too much like the digit ‘1’.

虽然小写的”l”的大写的”L”都可以作为长整数的后缀, 但强烈火推荐使用”L”, 因为字母”l”看来太像数

字1了.

Plain integer literals that are above the largest representable plain integer (e.g., 2147483647 when using 32-bit

arithmetic) are accepted as if they were long integers instead.

There is no limit for long integer literals apart from

what can be stored in available memory.

普通十进制整数最大可以为2147483647(也就是使用32位比特数字的最大值),普通的八进制和十六进制数

可以4294967295, 但大于2147483647的数就通过减4294967295变为负数了.长整数的大小是没有限制的, 仅

仅受制于可用的内存容量.

Some examples of plain integer literals (ﬁrst row) and long integer literals (second and third rows):

下面是一些普通和长整数的例子:

7 2147483647 0177

3L 79228162514264337593543950336L 0377L 0x100000000L

79228162514264337593543950336 0xdeadbeef

2.4.5 浮点型的字面值Floating point literals

Floating point literals are described by the following lexical deﬁnitions:

浮点型的字面值可以用以下词法定义描述:

In versions of Python prior to 2.4, octal and hexadecimal literals in the range just above the largest representable plain integer but below the

largest unsigned 32-bit number (on a machine using 32-bit arithmetic), 4294967296, were taken as the negative plain integer obtained by

subtracting 4294967296 from their unsigned value.

2.4. 字面值Literals 11

floatnumber ::= pointfloat | exponentfloat

pointfloat ::= [intpart] fraction | intpart "."

exponentfloat ::= (intpart | pointfloat) exponent

intpart ::= digit+

fraction ::= "." digit+

exponent ::= ("e" | "E") ["+" | "-"] digit+

Note that the integer and exponent parts of ﬂoating point numbers can look like octal integers, but are interpreted

using radix 10. For example, ‘077e010’ is legal, and denotes the same number as ‘77e10’. The allowed range

of ﬂoating point literals is implementation-dependent. Some examples of ﬂoating point literals:

注意浮点数的整数部分的指数部分可以看起来像是个八进制数, 但实际上仍作为十进制处理, 例

如,”077e010”是合法的, 它等价于”77e10”.浮点数的允许范围是依赖于实现的,确良以是一些浮点数的

例子:

3.14 10. .001 1e100 3.14e-10 0e0

Note that numeric literals do not include a sign; a phrase like -1 is actually an expression composed of the operator

- and the literal 1.

注意数值型的字面值不包括符号(译注:正负号), 像-1实际上是个组合了一元运算符”-”和字面值1的表达式.

2.4.6 虚数的字面值Imaginary literals

Imaginary literals are described by the following lexical deﬁnitions:

虚数的字面值可以用下面的词法定义描述:

imagnumber ::= (floatnumber | intpart) ("j" | "J")

An imaginary literal yields a complex number with a real part of 0.0. Complex numbers are represented as a

pair of ﬂoating point numbers and have the same restrictions on their range. To create a complex number with a

nonzero real part, add a ﬂoating point number to it, e.g., (3+4j). Some examples of imaginary literals:

虚数是实部为零的复数, 复数表达成一对有着相同取值范围的浮点数对.为了创建一个有着非零实部的复

数,可以对它增加一个浮点数,例如,(3+4j). 下面是一些例子:

3.14j 10.j 10j .001j 1e100j 3.14e-10j

2.5 运算符Operators

The following tokens are operators:

以下符号是运算符:

+ - * ** / // %

<< >> & | ˆ ˜

< > <= >= == != <>

The comparison operators <> and != are alternate spellings of the same operator. != is the preferred spelling; <>

is obsolescent.

比较运算符¡¿和!=是可选的两个具有相同含义的符号. 但推荐使用!=, ¡¿是过时的写法.

2.6 分隔符Delimiters

The following tokens serve as delimiters in the grammar:

12 第二章 2. 词法分析Lexical analysis

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