入门DirectX11游戏编程

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" Beginning DirectX11 Game Programming.pdf 是一本由Allen Sherrod和Wendy Jones合著的游戏编程入门教程，主要关注DirectX11技术。本书由Course Technology PTR出版，属于Cengage Learning的一部分，面向全球多个地区发行。内容涵盖了DirectX11的基础知识和实际应用，旨在帮助初学者进入游戏开发领域。" DirectX11是微软推出的一款图形应用程序接口(API)，用于Windows平台，主要用于游戏开发、图形渲染和多媒体处理。它提供了丰富的功能，包括3D图形渲染、音频处理、输入设备管理等，是现代PC游戏开发的重要工具。本书可能包含以下关键知识点： 1. **DirectX11基础知识**：介绍DirectX11的基本架构，包括Direct3D、DirectInput、DirectSound、DirectMusic等组件，以及它们在游戏开发中的角色。 2. **Direct3D**：详细讲解Direct3D11，它是DirectX的核心部分，用于3D图形渲染。这部分可能涵盖顶点缓冲、索引缓冲、渲染状态、纹理贴图、光照模型、着色器模型（如顶点着色器、像素着色器、几何着色器）等。 3. **图形管线**：介绍现代图形硬件的流水线工作原理，包括固定功能阶段和可编程阶段，如顶点处理、几何处理和像素处理。 4. **DirectX Math**：讲解DirectX Math库，它是DirectX11引入的一个重要数学库，用于3D图形计算，包括向量、矩阵运算等。 5. **资源管理**：如何创建、管理和优化纹理、模型和其他图形资源。 6. **多线程编程**：在DirectX11中利用多核CPU进行并行处理，提高游戏性能。 7. **Direct2D和DirectWrite**：这两个API用于2D图形和文本渲染，对于游戏UI设计和日志输出很重要。 8. **DirectX Debug层**：如何使用Debug层来调试图形错误，提高代码质量。 9. **游戏循环与事件处理**：介绍游戏主循环的设计和输入设备的事件处理。 10. **实例项目**：通过实际的游戏开发项目，让读者将理论知识应用于实践中。本书的技术审查者Wendy Jones可能为内容的准确性和实用性提供了专业见解。此外，书中可能还包含了练习题和示例代码，帮助读者巩固学习成果。 "Beginning DirectX11 Game Programming"是一本全面介绍DirectX11技术的入门教材，适合对游戏编程感兴趣且有一定编程基础的读者。通过学习，读者可以掌握DirectX11的基本概念和应用，为进入游戏开发行业打下坚实的基础。

hardware, and a powerful API that was being hyped by one of the most

influential software giants in the world.

The most apparent removal in Direct3D 10 was the fixed-function pipeline,

which is essentially a set of rendering states and algorithms built into the API

that allowed for the rendering of objects using common effects. The fixed-

function pipeline was removed in favor of programmable shaders within

graphics hardware. Graphics shaders, which will be discussed throughout this

book, are code written specifically to customize how the graphics hardware

processes geometry. Graphics shaders were first introduced in DirectX 8, but

since then graphics hardware and the Shader Models that they run have evolved

to a point where they have become the star of the API.

In Direct3D 9 we can render geometry, enable lighting by setting a few

properties and rendering states, have the API transform our geometry, and so

forth by calling a few Direct3D function calls. In Direct3D 10 we can do all of

that ourselves and much more in shaders. The key thing for beginners to keep in

mind if this is their first time learning graphics programming is that the fixed-

function pipeline was limited to whatever was built into the API, whereas

shaders allow us to create any effect, limited only by the frame-rate we deem

desirable in our games . Want lighting? Call a Direct3D function to enable it and

set its properties (up to eight lights). Want to render surfaces with more than

one image? Just enable it. If, however, you wish to perform pixel-based motion

blur and depth-of-field, you are out of luck using the fixed-function pipeline.

Often if the fixed-function pipeline does not explicitly support it and you are not

using shaders, you cannot create the effect you want. Although some coders

have found tricks and workarounds to getting some effects created without

shaders, it was often a very difficult and inefficient workaround. I remember

these times well and do not miss them.

Today, if we want to perform bump mapping, we can write a pixel shader that

takes the light direction, performs a calculation using it and the pixel-level

surface direction loaded from a special image known as a normal map, and

combine that with the shading of the final pixel’s color. In the days before

shaders, or even when shaders were limited in the features they provided (such

as the dark ages of register combiners for early versions of OpenGL), this was

impossible, and doing even simple effects like normal mapping back then was

What Is DirectX? 3

DirectX 11 versus OpenGL 4.0

OpenGL has long been considered a rival graphics API to Direct3D. OpenGL

supports platforms outside of Windows-based operating systems, such as Mac

computers, Linux OSs, Apple’s iPhone and iPad, Sony’s Playstation 3 (an

implementation at least), and a variety of mobile devices such as cell phones

and PDAs, along with other platforms. Although the native device creation of

OpenGL can differ from one platform to another, the rest of the API is

considered platform independent, not including the long history of hardware-

specific extensions and feature s from competing entities within the OpenGL

camp. DirectX, on the other hand, is available on the various Windows OSs and

the Xbox game consoles. To be considered DirectX 10 or 11 compatible,

hardware must adhere to a strict compatibility list, whereas prior to DirectX

10 this was not always the case. In the case of OpenGL this often led to vendor-

specific extensions that worked on limited hardware. Incompatibilities within

the hardware market caused rework when trying to achieve the same result on

all supported devices.

The whole Direct3D versus OpenGL debate can often seem like a religious one,

but the fact is that for many years OpenGL has lagged behind Direct3D.

Microsoft has done a great job evolving Direct3D and improving it throughout

the years, but OpenGL has only lagged behind, not keeping its promises as each

new version is released, and time and time again has suffered from the same

problems of yesteryear. When OpenGL 3.0 was first announced, it was thought

that OpenGL would finally move back into a position to rival Direct3D.

Unfortunately, the world of OpenGL has gone through its share of ups and

downs, both within the group behind it and with how the API stacked against

Direct3D, and Direct3D has continued to dominate.

OpenGL 4.0 catches up to many of the publicized features of DirectX 11, most

notably through the support of general-purpose computing using OpenCL and

tessellation, and is positioning itself to be a step closer to the promises that were

never delivered in the past, most notably with OpenGL 2.0 and OpenGL 3.0.

Although OpenGL is not out of the race yet, it unfortunately needs a lot of work

to not only truly rival DirectX but also to win back the hearts and minds of

many of us who turned to Direct3D once OpenGL’s faults became too

numerous. Even if the API catches up, the graphics API race is a lot like high

school where the popular kid wins the election.

What Is DirectX? 5

Why Is DirectX Needed?

Before the release of the Windows operating system, developers were writing

games for DOS. This single-threaded, non-GUI operating system provided

developers with a direct path between their application code and the hardware

it was running on. This had both its advantages and problems. For instance,

because there was a direct path between the game code and the hardware,

developers could pull every ounce of power out of the machine, giving them

complete control over how their game performed. The downside included the

need to either write directly to the hardware or use a variety of third-party

libraries for any hardware they wanted their game title to support, including

even common hardware such as video and sound cards.

Video cards were especially confusing because not all video cards followed the

same standard. Even though most video cards supported a series of common

resolutions, developers were forced to access video memory directly. This made

even drawing to the screen difficult. Developers were definitely looking for a

better and easier way.

When Windows 3.1 was released, it carried with it the same limitations that

DOS had. Since Windows ran on top of DOS, it severely limited the resources

available to games and took away the direct access developers had enjoyed for so

long. Most games written to support Windows at the time consisted mainly of

card and board games, while most games continued to support DOS only.

Microsoft released DX1 as a way of enticing developers to make games for

Windows to prove that the OS wasn’t slow and move people away from DOS-

based systems.

Microsoft’s release of Windows 95 didn’t eliminate any of these problems until

the release of DirectX 1, also known as the Windows Games SDK. It gave

developers a single library to write to, placing a common layer between their

game and the PC hardware; drawing graphics to the screen had just become a

whole lot easier. The first version of DirectX still didn ’t provide support for all

the hardware out there, but it was a great starting point in giving game

developers what they had been waiting for. Over the years, there have been

multiple releases of DirectX, each one improving and adding support for new

technologies such as network play, streaming audio, and new kinds of input

6 Chapter 1

The What, Why, and How of DirectX

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