Python与Selenium：从入门到高级操作

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本资源是一份关于Python与Selenium集成的详细教程，名为"Selenium Python Bindings Release 2"，作者是Baiju Muthukadan，发布日期为2014年6月26日。该文档旨在帮助读者深入了解如何在Python环境中利用Selenium库进行Web自动化测试和浏览器操作。 1. **安装**：文档首先介绍了如何安装Python Selenium绑定，包括对初学者的简单介绍，以及针对Windows用户的详细步骤，确保了不同平台用户都能顺利安装所需的依赖。 2. **入门**：章节2（Getting Started）涵盖了基础用法，如如何进行简单的使用、逐步演示示例代码，让学习者通过实际操作熟悉如何使用Selenium控制浏览器。这部分着重于展示如何使用Selenium来编写自动化测试脚本。 - **简单使用**：快速上手指南，包括基本的打开网页、元素定位和交互等操作。 - **示例详解**：通过一个例子，展示了如何设置和运行测试，以及如何处理页面元素，如输入文本、点击按钮等。 - **远程WebDriver**：还涉及到了如何配合远程WebDriver，允许测试脚本在不同的服务器环境下执行。 3. **导航与元素操作**：这部分深入讲解了在网页中导航、填写表单、执行拖放操作，以及处理窗口和框架之间的切换，还包括处理弹出对话框、查看历史记录和管理cookies等功能。 4. **元素定位**：文档详细介绍了多种定位元素的方法，如通过id、name、XPath、链接文本、标签名、类名和CSS选择器，这些技巧对于准确找到目标元素至关重要。 5. **等待机制**：为了保证脚本的稳定性和可靠性，文档介绍了两种类型的等待——显式等待（Explicit Waits），在条件满足时才继续执行；隐式等待（Implicit Waits），在元素出现之前自动等待一定时间。 6. **WebDriver API**：最后部分深入剖析了WebDriver API，包括异常处理、ActionChains（动作链，用于执行一系列复杂的鼠标和键盘操作）、处理Alerts（警告或提示对话框）、特殊键的操作等高级功能。这份文档为Python开发者提供了全面的Selenium Python教程，不仅适合初学者掌握基础用法，也对有一定经验的开发者在自动化测试和Web应用操作方面提供深入指导。通过阅读和实践，读者能够熟练地使用Selenium在Python项目中实现高效、稳定的Web自动化。

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

The next line is an assertion to conﬁrm that title has “Python” word in it:

assert "Python" in driver.title

WebDriver offers a number of ways to ﬁnd elements using one of the ﬁnd_element_by_* methods. For example, the

input text element can be located by its name attribute using ﬁnd_element_by_name method. Detailed explanation of

ﬁnding elements is available in the Locating Elements chapter:

elem = driver.find_element_by_name("q")

Next we are sending keys, this is similar to entering keys using your keyboard. Special keys can be send using Keys

class imported from selenium.webdriver.common.keys:

elem.send_keys("selenium")

elem.send_keys(Keys.RETURN)

After submission of the page, you should get the result if there is any:

Finally, the browser window is closed. You can also call quit method instead of close. The quit will exit entire browser

where as close will close one tab, but if it just one tab, by default most browser will exit entirely.:

driver.close()

2.3 Using Selenium to write tests

Selenium is mostly used for writing test cases. The selenium package itself doesn’t provide a testing tool/framework.

You can write test cases using Python’s unittest module. The other choices as a tool/framework are py.test and nose.

In this chapter, we use unittest as the framework of choice. Here is the modiﬁed example which uses unittest module.

This is a test for python.org search functionality:

import unittest

from selenium import webdriver

from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys

class PythonOrgSearch(unittest.TestCase):

def setUp(self):

self.driver = webdriver.Firefox()

def test_search_in_python_org(self):

driver = self.driver

driver.get("http://www.python.org")

self.assertIn("Python", driver.title)

elem = driver.find_element_by_name("q")

elem.send_keys("selenium")

elem.send_keys(Keys.RETURN)

def tearDown(self):

self.driver.close()

if __name__ == "__main__":

unittest.main()

You can run the above test case from a shell like this:

python test_python_org_search.py

6 Chapter 2. Getting Started

Selenium Python Bindings, Release 2

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Ran 1 test in 15.566s

The above results shows that, the test has been successfully completed.

2.4 Walk through of the example

Initially, all the basic modules required are imported. The unittest module is a built-in Python based on Java’s JUnit.

This module provides the framework for organizing the test cases. The selenium.webdriver module provides all the

WebDriver implementations. Currently supported WebDriver implementations are Firefox, Chrome, Ie and Remote.

The Keys class provide keys in the keyboard like RETURN, F1, ALT etc.

import unittest

from selenium import webdriver

from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys

The test case class is inherited from unittest.TestCase. Inheriting from TestCase class is the way to tell unittest module

that, this is a test case:

class PythonOrgSearch(unittest.TestCase):

The setUp is part of initialization, this method will get called before every test function which you are going to write

in this test case class. Here you are creating the instance of Firefox WebDriver.

def setUp(self):

self.driver = webdriver.Firefox()

This is the test case method. The ﬁrst line inside this method create a local reference to the driver object created in

setUp method.

def test_search_in_python_org(self):

driver = self.driver

The driver.get method will navigate to a page given by the URL. WebDriver will wait until the page has fully loaded

(that is, the “onload” event has ﬁred) before returning control to your test or script. It’s worth noting that if your page

uses a lot of AJAX on load then WebDriver may not know when it has completely loaded.:

driver.get("http://www.python.org")

The next line is an assertion to conﬁrm that title has “Python” word in it:

self.assertIn("Python", driver.title)

WebDriver offers a number of ways to ﬁnd elements using one of the ﬁnd_element_by_* methods. For example, the

input text element can be located by its name attribute using ﬁnd_element_by_name method. Detailed explanation of

ﬁndind elements is available in the Locating Elements chapter:

elem = driver.find_element_by_name("q")

Next we are sending keys, this is similar to entering keys using your keyboard. Special keys can be send using Keys

class imported from selenium.webdriver.common.keys:

elem.send_keys("selenium")

elem.send_keys(Keys.RETURN)

2.4. Walk through of the example 7

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