从编程到架构：实践C++设计全览

Design

architecture

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xviii

advanced features such as template metaprogramming. This intentional omission is not

meant to be a commentary on the importance of these language features or a critique

of their usefulness as design constructs. In fact, they are essential for specific domains,

particularly where efficiency and genericity dominate (e.g., the standard library, boost).

Rather, the lack of usage of any particular feature reflects my pragmatic approach toward

design: the appropriate language subset for a particular project should reflect only those

features required to express clearly and efficiently the developer’s intent. If your favorite

language feature is missing, it may be because I felt that its use in this context was less

clear than my chosen alternative. After all, we write programs in higher level languages

to be read and understood by other programmers. The task of designing, implementing,

maintaining, and extending code in a production environment is quite difficult in its own

right. Displays of unnecessary cleverness are generally neither warranted nor appreciated.

GUI Framework and Platforms

While graphical user interfaces (GUI) are not the primary focus of this book, our

program will eventually acquire one; hence, selecting a particular GUI framework

was necessary. I selected Qt for this purpose and have successfully tested the code

with versions 4 and 5. As with C++, Qt is widely deployed, cross platform, and free. As

with C++, again, selfishly, I chose Qt because I am experienced using desktop Qt and

personally enjoy using it. A big advantage of using Qt is that it makes nearly all of the

source code for the project platform-independent. Where platform independence

was not achievable, I encapsulated the platform-dependent code behind an abstract

interface. We’ll explore this design pattern, in depth, in Chapter 7.

In general, I always strive to write standards-conforming, platform-independent

code. The source code in this book should compile with any C++14-compliant compiler

and on any platform where Qt is supported. That said, every platform and every

compiler somehow manage to have their own unique idiosyncrasies, and testing every

possible combination of platform and compiler is impossible. I personally have tested

the source code for this book on Windows 7, Windows 10, and Linux using gcc (the

mingw variant on Windows). I do not own an Apple computer, so I have not tested the

source code on Mac OS X. However, the code should work as is or require only very

minor changes to get it to compile there if that is your platform of choice. Any known

platform-specific code is compartmentalized and encapsulated; extension to other

platforms should be straightforward.

PrefaCe

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xix

The Case Study

To this point, I have not yet mentioned the subject of the case study central to this book.

In my opinion, an ideal problem would be one that is not too daunting and yet not so

trivial that it needs no design. Additionally, the domain of the problem should be readily

understandable to any reader. For this reason, I have chosen to implement a stack-

based, Reverse Polish Notation (RPN) calculator that I named pdCalc, short for Practical

Design Calculator. Functionally, pdCalc was inspired by the HP48S calculator, an old

favorite calculator of mine from high school and college (that still sits on my desk today).

I cannot imagine any reader being unfamiliar with the basic operations of a calculator,

and making the calculator use RPN adds a little twist that I hope will make the project

interesting.

The Source Code

The source code (and supporting unit tests) for pdCalc is available, in its entirety, from

Apress’s GitHub repository. The easiest way to find the repository is via the Download

Source Code button located at www.apress.com/9781484230565. Appendix A describes,

in detail, how to download and build the source code. Although most readers will likely

prefer to download the source using a git client, the entire source code is also available

from GitHub as a single zip file.

The source code itself is licensed under the GNU Public License (GPL) version 3.

I hope you find the source code useful for learning about design and implementation.

Beyond its use as an educational aide for this book, you are, of course, free to do

anything you like with the source code within the rights granted to you by the GPL.

This book uses two distinct fonts, the standard font you are reading now and a fixed

width font used for source code. The fixed width font is demonstrated in the following list

of standard template library containers: vector, list, and map. When clear from context,

to save space, I often omit namespaces and template arguments. When the discussion

requires a block of source code, it will be offset from the rest of the text as follows:

class ExampleClass

{

public:

// your implementation here

};

PrefaCe

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A. B. Singer, Practical C++ Design, DOI10.1007/978-1-4842-3057-2_1

CHAPTER 1

Defining theCase Study

1.1 A Brief Introduction

This book is about programming design. However, unlike many books on this topic, this

book teaches design by exploration rather than design by instruction. Typically, most

authors writing about some aspect of design establish principles they wish to convey, lay

out these principles in the abstract, and then proceed to give examples supporting the

current points. This is not such a book. Rather, this book defines a practical problem to

be solved, and proceeds to examine its solution in detail. That is, instead of deciding on a

topic and creating trivial examples to support its teaching, I have defined a hard problem

and then let the solution of this problem dictate what topics should be discussed.

Interestingly enough, the above approach is exactly how I would tell someone not

to learn a subject. I always stress that people should learn broad fundamentals first

and subsequently apply these principles to solving problems. However, this is not a

book meant to teach the principles of design. Rather, this is a book meant for someone

who already knows the fundamentals but wishes to deepen his knowledge of practice.

This is a book meant to teach someone the craft of designing and implementing a

realistic, albeit small, program from start to finish. This process involves more than

knowing elements of design. It involves understanding when and how to use what

you know, understanding how to decide between seemingly equivalent approaches,

and understanding the long-term implications of various decisions. This book is

not comprehensive in its coverage of data structures, algorithms, design patterns, or

C++ best practices; volumes of books exist to cover these topics. This is a book about

learning how to apply this knowledge to write code that is organized, cohesive, sensible,

purposeful, and pragmatic. In other words, this book is about learning to write code that

both gets the job done now (development) and allows others to continue to get the job

done in the future (maintenance). This, I have termed practical design.

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In order to explore practical design, we need a case study. Ideally, the case study

problem should be

• Large enough to be more than trivial,

• Small enough to be tractable,

• Familiar enough to not require domain specic expertise, and

• Interesting enough to maintain the reader’s attention for the duration

of the book.

After taking the above criteria into consideration, I decided to select a stack- based,

Reverse Polish Notation (RPN) calculator as the case study. The details of the calculator’s

requirements will be defined below. I believe that the code for a fully functioning

calculator is significant enough that the detailed study of its design provides sufficient

material to cover a book. Yet, the project is small enough that the book can be a reasonable

length. Certainly, specialized domain expertise is not required. I suspect every reader of

this book has used a calculator and is well-versed in its basic functionality. Finally, I hope

that making the calculator RPN provides a suitable twist to stave off boredom.

1.2 A Few Words About Requirements

No matter how big or how small, all programs have requirements. Requirements are

those features, whether explicit or implicit, to which the program must comply. Entire

books have been written on gathering and managing software requirements (see, for

example, [28] or [21]). Typically, despite one’s best efforts, it is practically impossible to

gather all of the requirements upfront. Sometimes, the effort required is economically

infeasible. Sometimes, domain experts overlook what seem like obvious requirements

to them, and they simply neglect to relate all of their requirements to the development

team. Sometimes, requirements only become apparent after the program begins to take

shape. Sometimes, the customer does not understand his or her own requirements well

enough to articulate them to the development team. While some of these dilemmas

may be mitigated using agile development methods, the fact remains that many design

decisions, some of which may have far reaching implications, must occur before all of

the requirements are known.

Chapter 1 Defining theCase stuDy

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从编程到架构：实践C++设计全览

Practical C++ Design From Programming to Architecture

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