数字设计与计算机体系结构英文版.pdf

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"《Digital Design and Computer Architecture》是由David Money Harris和Sarah L. Harris共同编著的一本关于数字设计和计算机体系结构的专业书籍。作者在电子信息工程领域有深厚的学术背景和实践经验，曾在Intel公司参与Itanium和Pentium II处理器的设计，并在Stanford University获得博士学位，在麻省理工学院获得硕士学位。在教学之余，两位作者还热衷于芯片设计和户外探险活动。此书是他们在教育领域的贡献之一，同时，他们各自还撰写了其他几本与芯片设计相关的教科书。" 《Digital Design and Computer Architecture》这本书深入浅出地讲解了数字系统设计的基础知识，包括逻辑门、组合逻辑电路、时序逻辑电路以及数模转换器等基本概念。它不仅涵盖了数字设计的基本原理，还涉及到了高级话题如VHDL和Verilog硬件描述语言，这些语言是现代数字系统设计中的重要工具。书中详细阐述了如何使用这些语言来描述和实现数字系统。此外，本书还详细讨论了计算机体系结构，包括处理器设计、指令集架构（ISA）、存储层次结构、总线和输入/输出系统。读者将了解到CPU的工作原理，从简单的单周期处理器到复杂的超标量、多核处理器。书中还涵盖了现代计算机中的内存系统，包括高速缓存（Cache）的设计和优化，以及主存和外部存储设备的组织。在计算机体系结构部分，作者可能会探讨如何通过流水线技术提高处理器性能，以及分支预测和动态调度等现代微体系结构技术。此外，还会介绍I/O接口和外设，如磁盘驱动器、网络接口卡等，以及它们如何与计算机系统通信。这本书是学习数字设计和计算机体系结构的理想教材，既适合计算机科学和电子工程专业的学生，也适用于想要深入了解计算机硬件工作的专业人士。通过阅读此书，读者不仅可以掌握数字电路设计的基础，还能理解计算机硬件背后的复杂机制，从而更好地进行系统级设计和优化。

of the previous column, so binary numbers are base 2. In binary, the col-

umn weights (again from right to left) are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128,

256, 512, 1024, 2048, 4096, 8192, 16384, 32768, 65536, and so on. If

you work with binary numbers often, you’ll save time if you remember

these powers of two up to 2

An N-bit binary number represents one of 2

possibilities: 0, 1, 2,

3, ..., 2

N1

. Table 1.1 shows 1, 2, 3, and 4-bit binary numbers and their

decimal equivalents.

Example 1.1 BINARY TO DECIMAL CONVERSION

Convert the binary number 10110

to decimal.

Solution: Figure 1.5 shows the conversion.

10 CHAPTER ONE From Zero to One

1-Bit 2-Bit 3-Bit 4-Bit

Binary Binnary Binary Binary Decimal

Numbers Numbers Numbers Numbers Equivalents

0 00 000 0000 0

1 01 001 0001 1

10 010 0010 2

11 011 0011 3

100 0100 4

101 0101 5

110 0110 6

111 0111 7

1000 8

1001 9

1010 10

1011 11

1100 12

1101 13

1110 14

1111 15

Table 1.1 Binary numbers and their decimal equivalent

Chapter 01.qxd 1/27/07 10:20 AM Page 10

Example 1.2 DECIMAL TO BINARY CONVERSION

Convert the decimal number 84

to binary.

Solution: Determine whether each column of the binary result has a 1 or a 0. We

can do this starting at either the left or the right column.

Working from the left, start with the largest power of 2 less than the number (in

this case, 64). 84  64, so there is a 1 in the 64’s column, leaving 84  64  20.

20  32, so there is a 0 in the 32’s column. 20  16, so there is a 1 in the 16’s

column, leaving 20  16  4. 4  8, so there is a 0 in the 8’s column. 4  4, so

there is a 1 in the 4’s column, leaving 4  4  0. Thus there must be 0’s in the

2’s and 1’s column. Putting this all together, 84

 1010100

Working from the right, repeatedly divide the number by 2. The remainder goes

in each column. 84/2  42, so 0 goes in the 1’s column. 42/2  21, so 0 goes in

the 2’s column. 21/2  10 with a remainder of 1 going in the 4’s column. 10/2 

5, so 0 goes in the 8’s column. 5/2  2 with a remainder of 1 going in the 16’s

column. 2/2  1, so 0 goes in the 32’s column. Finally 1/2  0 with a remainder

of 1 going in the 64’s column. Again, 84

 1010100

1.4.3 Hexadecimal Numbers

Writing long binary numbers becomes tedious and prone to error.

A group of four bits represents one of 2

 16 possibilities. Hence, it is

sometimes more convenient to work in base 16, called hexadecimal.

Hexadecimal numbers use the digits 0 to 9 along with the letters A to F,

as shown in Table 1.2. Columns in base 16 have weights of 1, 16, 16

(or 256), 16

(or 4096), and so on.

Example 1.3 HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY AND DECIMAL CONVERSION

Convert the hexadecimal number 2ED

to binary and to decimal.

Solution: Conversion between hexadecimal and binary is easy because each hexa-

decimal digit directly corresponds to four binary digits. 2

 0010

, E

 1110

and D

 1101

, so 2ED

 001011101101

. Conversion to decimal requires

the arithmetic shown in Figure 1.6.

1.4 Number Systems 11

10110

= 1 × 2

+ 0 × 2

+ 1 × 2

+ 0 × 2

= 22

one

sixteen

1's column

eight

one

four

one

two

one

2's column

4's column

8's column

16's column

Figure 1.5 Conversion of a

binary number to decimal

“Hexadecimal,” a term

coined by IBM in 1963,

derives from the Greek hexi

(six) and Latin decem (ten). A

more proper term would use

the Latin sexa (six), but sex-

idecimal sounded too risqué.

Chapter 01.qxd 1/27/07 10:20 AM Page 11

Example 1.5 DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL AND BINARY CONVERSION

Convert the decimal number 333

to hexadecimal and binary.

Solution: Like decimal to binary conversion, decimal to hexadecimal conversion

can be done from the left or the right.

Working from the left, start with the largest power of 16 less than the number (in

this case, 256). 256 goes into 333 once, so there is a 1 in the 256’s column, leaving

333  256  77. 16 goes into 77 four times, so there is a 4 in the 16’s column,

leaving 77  16  4  13. 13

 D

, so there is a D in the 1’s column. In sum-

mary, 333

 14D

. Now it is easy to convert from hexadecimal to binary, as in

Example 1.3. 14D

 101001101

Working from the right, repeatedly divide the number by 16. The remainder

goes in each column. 333/16  20 with a remainder of 13

 D

going in

the 1’s column. 20/16  1 with a remainder of 4 going in the 16’s column.

1/16  0 with a remainder of 1 going in the 256’s column. Again, the result

is 14D

1.4.4 Bytes, Nibbles, and All That Jazz

A group of eight bits is called a byte. It represents one of 2

 256 possi-

bilities. The size of objects stored in computer memories is customarily

measured in bytes rather than bits.

A group of four bits, or half a byte, is called a nibble. It represents

one of 2

 16 possibilities. One hexadecimal digit stores one nibble and

two hexadecimal digits store one full byte. Nibbles are no longer a com-

monly used unit, but the term is cute.

Microprocessors handle data in chunks called words. The size of a

word depends on the architecture of the microprocessor. When this

chapter was written in 2006, most computers had 32-bit processors,

indicating that they operate on 32-bit words. At the time, computers

handling 64-bit words were on the verge of becoming widely available.

Simpler microprocessors, especially those used in gadgets such as toast-

ers, use 8- or 16-bit words.

Within a group of bits, the bit in the 1’s column is called the least

significant bit (lsb), and the bit at the other end is called the most

significant bit (msb), as shown in Figure 1.7(a) for a 6-bit binary

number. Similarly, within a word, the bytes are identified as least

significant byte (LSB) through most significant byte (MSB), as shown

in Figure 1.7(b) for a four-byte number written with eight hexadeci-

mal digits.

1.4 Number Systems 13

A microprocessor is a proces-

sor built on a single chip.

Until the 1970’s, processors

were too complicated to fit on

one chip, so mainframe

processors were built from

boards containing many chips.

Intel introduced the first 4-bit

microprocessor, called the

4004, in 1971. Now, even the

most sophisticated supercom-

puters are built using micro-

processors. We will use the

terms microprocessor and

processor interchangeably

throughout this book.

Chapter 01.qxd 1/27/07 10:20 AM Page 13

By handy coincidence, 2

 1024  10

. Hence, the term kilo

(Greek for thousand) indicates 2

. For example, 2

bytes is one kilo-

byte (1 KB). Similarly, mega (million) indicates 2

 10

, and giga

(billion) indicates 2

 10

. If you know 2

 1 thousand, 2

 1

million, 2

 1 billion, and remember the powers of two up to 2

, it is

easy to estimate any power of two in your head.

Example 1.6 ESTIMATING POWERS OF TWO

Find the approximate value of 2

without using a calculator.

Solution: Split the exponent into a multiple of ten and the remainder. 2

 2

 2

. 2

 1 million. 2

 16. So 2

 16 million. Technically, 2



16,777,216, but 16 million is close enough for marketing purposes.

1024 bytes is called a kilobyte (KB). 1024 bits is called a kilobit (Kb

or Kbit). Similarly, MB, Mb, GB, and Gb are used for millions and bil-

lions of bytes and bits. Memory capacity is usually measured in bytes.

Communication speed is usually measured in bits/sec. For example, the

maximum speed of a dial-up modem is usually 56 Kbits/sec.

1.4.5 Binary Addition

Binary addition is much like decimal addition, but easier, as shown in

Figure 1.8. As in decimal addition, if the sum of two numbers is greater

than what fits in a single digit, we carry a 1 into the next column. Figure

1.8 compares addition of decimal and binary numbers. In the right-most

column of Figure 1.8(a), 7  9  16, which cannot fit in a single digit

because it is greater than 9. So we record the 1’s digit, 6, and carry the

10’s digit, 1, over to the next column. Likewise, in binary, if the sum of

two numbers is greater than 1, we carry the 2’s digit over to the next col-

umn. For example, in the right-most column of Figure 1.8(b), the sum

CHAPTER ONE From Zero to One

101100

least

significant

bit

most

significant

bit

(a) (b)

DEAFDAD8

least

significant

byte

most

significant

byte

1011

0011

1110

11carries

4277

5499

9776

(a) (b)

Figure 1.7 Least and most

significant bits and bytes

Figure 1.8 Addition examples

showing carries: (a) decimal

(b) binary

Chapter 01.qxd 1/27/07 10:20 AM Page 14

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