苹果Object-C编程教程
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更新于2024-08-02
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本教程是关于Object-C的最新指南，专注于Cocoa框架的应用开发。由Apple Inc.出版，适用于2009年8月的技术标准，且版权归属Apple Inc.所有。尽管文档内容禁止未经许可的复制、存储或传输，但允许个人在一台计算机上存储并打印文档以供个人学习使用，前提是在文档中保留Apple的版权信息。
Apple的商标和标识（如苹果Logo）受到法律保护，未经授权，不得用于商业目的，否则可能构成商标侵权和不公平竞争，违反联邦和州的法律法规。
请注意，该文档提供的信息并不意味着授予任何技术的明示或暗示许可，所有与所述技术相关的知识产权归Apple Inc.所有。文档的主要目标是帮助应用程序开发者利用Object-C语言和Cocoa框架进行应用开发。
Object-C是Apple的面向对象的编程语言，主要用于开发Mac OS X和iOS平台上的应用程序。它扩展了C语言，添加了Smalltalk风格的消息传递机制，以及Objective-C的类、协议和分类等特性。Cocoa框架是Apple提供的一组库和API，用于构建Mac和iOS应用程序，它包含了许多基础服务和高级功能，如用户界面设计、事件处理、数据管理等。
在本教程中，你将学习到如何创建Cocoa应用程序的基本步骤，包括：
1. **环境设置**：安装Xcode，这是Apple提供的集成开发环境（IDE），包含了编写、测试和调试Objective-C代码所需的所有工具。
2. **工程创建**：理解如何在Xcode中创建一个新的Cocoa应用程序项目，设置项目的配置，如目标平台、应用程序类型等。
3. **MVC模式**：学习Cocoa中的Model-View-Controller（MVC）设计模式，它是组织代码结构和职责分配的关键。
4. **对象和类**：深入理解Objective-C中的对象生命周期、类定义、继承、实例化等概念。
5. **消息传递**：掌握如何使用消息传递在对象间通信，以及方法的声明和实现。
6. **Interface Builder**：学习如何使用Interface Builder设计图形用户界面，将UI元素与代码逻辑连接起来。
7. **事件处理**：了解Cocoa中的事件模型，如鼠标点击、键盘输入等事件的响应方法。
8. **数据持久化**：探讨如何保存和恢复应用程序的数据，包括NSUserDefaults、Core Data等技术。
9. **内存管理**：学习Objective-C的内存管理规则，如引用计数（ARC）和非ARC环境下的手动内存管理。
10. **单元测试**：了解如何为代码编写单元测试，确保程序的稳定性和可靠性。
通过本教程的学习，你不仅能够掌握Objective-C的基础语法，还能了解到Cocoa框架的强大功能，从而能够独立地开发出功能丰富的Mac和iOS应用程序。不过，请注意，实际开发中还需要结合Apple的官方文档、开发者论坛和其他相关资源，以获取最新技术和最佳实践。
data in a novel way (for example, a graph view). You can also group view objects within a window in novel
ways specific to an application. View objects tend to be very reusable and so provide consistency between
applications.
Controller Objects
Acting as mediators between model objects and view objects in an application are controller objects. Controller
objects communicate data back and forth between the model and view objects. A controller object, for
example, could mediate the transfer of a street address (from the customer model object) to a visible text
field on a window (the view object). It also performs all the chores specific to the application it is part of.
Since what a controller does is very specific to an application, it is generally not reusable even though it often
comprises much of an application’s code. (This last statement does not mean, however, that controller objects
cannot be reused; with a good design, they can.) Because of the controller’s central, mediating role, model
objects need not know about the state and events of the user interface, and view objects need not know
about the programmatic interfaces of the model objects. You can even make your view and model objects
available to other developers from a palette in Interface Builder.
Hybrid Models
MVC, strictly observed, is not always the best solution. Sometimes it’s best to combine roles. For instance, in
a graphics-intensive application, such as an arcade game, you might have several view objects that merge
the roles of view and model. In some applications, especially simple ones, you can combine the roles of
controller and model; these objects join the special data structures and logic of model objects with the
controller’s hooks to the interface.
The Currency Converter Application
The MVC design pattern, albeit a very simplified one, can be applied directly to the Currency Converter
application. Currency Converter is a simple application that converts US dollars to another currency based
on an exchange rate entered by the user. Though it’s a very simple application, it can still be used to convey
the fundamental elements of Cocoa application development using the MVC design pattern.
The underlying functionality, which is the model, converts US dollars to another currency based on an
exchange rate. For this, there is a single function, convertCurrency, which multiplies the amount in US
dollars by the exchange rate to get the amount in the other currency.
All graphical applications have a user interface that the user interacts with. This is the view. Here, the user
inputs the exchange rate in one text field, the amount of dollars to convert in the next text field, and clicks
the convert button, or presses Return, to perform the calculation. The final result appears in the last text box,
which is the amount of the other currency.
The view needs to send the data the user entered to the model somehow. This is done by creating a controller,
which gathers the exchange rate and amount in US dollars from the view, sends the values to the model,
and writes the result into the view.
The Currency Converter Application 13
2009-08-03 | © 2009 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
CHAPTER 1
The Essence of Cocoa
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