Claims框架：Web API安全与身份验证

CLAIMS

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"Claims框架——基于声明的身份验证与访问控制" 在IT行业中，"Claims框架"是一种用于管理和验证用户身份的安全模型，特别是在Web服务和应用程序中。这个概念主要由微软引入，与Windows Identity Foundation (WIF)密切相关。"Pro ASP.NET Web API Security"一书深入探讨了如何在ASP.NET Web API中实现安全的认证和授权机制。 Claims-Based Identity（基于声明的身份）是身份验证和访问控制的新范式，它将用户的属性或权限（称为声明）作为身份的核心组成部分。这些声明可以包括诸如用户名、电子邮件地址、角色或权限等信息。这种模型允许服务和应用程序动态地根据用户的声明做出访问决策，而不是预先定义用户角色。在WIF的支持下，开发人员可以轻松地集成基于声明的身份验证到.NET应用程序中，从而利用Windows Server、Active Directory和其他身份提供者提供的安全功能。WIF支持多种身份验证协议，如WS-Federation、OAuth和OpenID Connect，使得跨域身份验证变得更加简单。书中的内容可能涵盖了以下关键知识点： 1. **身份验证（Authentication）**：讨论了不同类型的认证机制，如基于表单的身份验证、基于令牌的身份验证（如JWT）以及如何通过WIF实现这些机制。 2. **授权（Authorization）**：阐述了如何根据用户的声明来确定其对资源的访问权限，例如，使用角色基础的授权（Role-Based Authorization）和声明基础的授权（Claim-Based Authorization）。 3. **声明（Claims）**：详细解释了声明的类型、结构和生命周期，以及如何创建、传递和验证声明。 4. **安全性协议（Security Protocols）**：介绍WS-*系列协议（如WS-Federation、WS-Trust）以及OAuth和OpenID Connect等现代协议的工作原理和应用场景。 5. **集成Active Directory**：展示了如何与Active Directory集成，利用企业级的用户账户和权限管理。 6. **Web API安全设计**：探讨如何在ASP.NET Web API中实施安全控制，包括防止XSS和CSRF攻击，以及使用HTTPS确保通信安全。 7. **跨域身份验证**：讲解如何实现单一登录（Single Sign-On, SSO）和跨域身份验证，允许用户在多个应用程序间无缝切换。 8. **最佳实践和模式**：提供了关于身份验证和授权设计的实用指导，包括错误处理、日志记录和审计。 9. **案例研究和示例代码**：书中可能包含实际项目中的应用实例和代码片段，帮助读者更好地理解和应用所学知识。通过学习这些内容，开发者能够构建更安全、可扩展且适应不断变化的业务需求的Web服务和应用程序。理解并掌握Claims框架和WIF可以帮助提升系统的安全性，同时简化身份验证和授权的复杂性。

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Beneﬁts of a Claims-Based Architecture 

Windows Identity Foundation

Implementation of the Claims-Based Architecture 

SharePoint 2010 User Identity 

The SharePoint 2010 Security Token Service 

The SharePoint 2010 Services Application Framework 

Considerations When Using Claims with SharePoint 

Choosing an Authentication Mode 

Supported Standards 

Using Multiple Authentication Mechanisms 

SharePoint Groups with Claims Authentication 

SharePoint Proﬁles and Audiences with Claims Authentication 

Rich Client, Ofﬁce, and Reporting Applications

with Claims Authentication 

Other Trade-offs and Limitations for Claims Authentication 

Conﬁguring SharePoint to Use Claims 

Tips for Conﬁguring Claims in SharePoint 

More Information 

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For one thing, identity no longer depends on the use of unique

identiﬁers. NTLM, Kerberos, and public key certiﬁcates conveyed,

above all else, an identiﬁcation number or name. This unique number

could be used as a directory key to look up other attributes and to

track activities. But once we start thinking in terms of claims-based

computing, identiﬁers were not mandatory. We don’t need to say that

a person is associated with the number X, and then look in a database

to see if number X is married. We just say the person is married. An

identiﬁer is reduced to one potential claim (a thing said by some party)

among many.

This opens up the possibility of many more directly usable and

substantive claims, such as a family name, a person’s citizenship, the

right to do something, or the fact that someone is in a certain age

group or is a great customer. One can make this kind of claim without

revealing a party’s unique identity. This has immense implications for

privacy, which becomes an increasingly important concern as digital

identity is applied to our personal lives.

Further, while the earlier systems were all hermetic worlds, we

can now look at them as examples of the same thing and transform a

claim made in one world to a claim made in another. We can use

“claims transformers” to convert claims from one system to another,

to interpret meanings, apply policies, and to provide elasticity. This is

what makes claims essential for connecting our organizations and

enterprises into a cloud. Because they are standardized, we can use

them across platforms and look at the distributed fabric as a real cir-

cuit board on which we can assemble our services and components.

Claims offer a single conceptual model, programming interface,

and end-user paradigm, whereas before claims we had a cacophony of

disjoint approaches. In my experience, the people who use these new

approaches to build products universally agree that they solve many

pressing problems that were impossibly difﬁcult before. Yet these

people also offer a word of advice. Though embracing what has ex-

isted, the claims-based paradigm is fundamentally a new one; the

biggest challenge is to understand this and take advantage of it.

That’s why this book is so useful. It deals with the fundamental

issues, but it is practical and concise. The time spent reading it will be

repaid many times over as you become an expert in one of the trans-

formative technologies of our time.

Kim Cameron

Distinguished Engineer—Microsoft Identity Division

xix

Foreword

In the spring of 2008, months before the Windows

Identity Founda-

tion made its ﬁrst public appearance, I was on the phone with the

chief software architect of a Fortune 500 company when I experi-

enced one of those vivid, clarifying moments that come during the

course of a software project. We were chatting about how difﬁcult it

was to manage an environment with hundreds, or even thousands of

developers, all building different kinds of applications for different

audiences. In such an environment, the burden of consistent applica-

tion security usually falls on the shoulders of one designated security

architect.

A big part of that architect’s job is to guide developers on how to

handle authentication. Developers have many technologies to choose

from. Microsoft

Windows Integrated Authentication, SAML, LDAP,

and X.509 are just a few. The security architect is responsible for writ-

ing detailed implementation guidance on when and how to use all of

them. I imagined a document with hundreds of pages of technology

overviews, decision ﬂowcharts, and code appendices that demon-

strate the correct use of technology X for scenario Y. “If you are build-

ing a web application, for employees, on the intranet, on Windows,

use Windows Integrated Authentication and LDAP, send your queries

to the enterprise directory....”

I could already tell that this document, despite the architect’s best

efforts, was destined to sit unread on the corner of every developer’s

desk. It was all just too hard; although every developer knows security

is important, no one has the time to read all that. Nevertheless, every

organization needed an architect to write these guidelines. It was the

only meaningful thing they could do to manage this complexity.

It was at that moment that I realized the true purpose of the

forthcoming Windows Identity Foundation. It was to render the tech-

nology decision trivial. Architects would no longer need to create com-

plex guidelines for authentication. This was an epiphany of sorts.

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Claims框架：Web API安全与身份验证

ClaimsAPI

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TSA Claims Database（TSA索赔数据库）-数据集

java中的claims

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gin框架使用jwt

Fact-Checking Complex Claims with Program-Guided Reasoning的代码复现

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Factory method 'sqlSessionFactory' threw exception; nested exception is com.baomidou.mybatisplus.core.exceptions.MybatisPlusException: Error: GlobalConfigUtils setMetaData Fail ! Cause:java.lang.RuntimeException: Driver com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver claims to not accept jdbcUrl, jdbc:hsqldb:mem:testdb

SpringSecurity+JWT 角色权限

用go gin 写一个jwt 例子

springboot使用jjwt

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