掌握Tcl/Tk编程：从入门到图形化实战

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《实用编程Tcl/Tk(English)--带标签版》是一本强大的编程指南，专为想要深入理解和掌握Tcl（Tool Command Language）和Tk（Tkinter）的读者精心编撰。Tcl是一种脚本语言，常用于脚本编写和系统自动化，而Tk则是其配套的图形用户界面工具包，能够帮助开发者轻松创建跨平台的GUI应用程序。这本书从基础入门，如安装和配置、基本命令演示（如`HelloWorld`示例），到更高级的主题，如变量管理、数学表达式处理以及命令代换。在本书的第一部分，作者引导读者通过一系列实例来熟悉Tcl的基本语法和概念，包括变量的声明和操作，以及如何利用`backslash substitution`进行字符串处理。这些章节旨在帮助初学者建立起坚实的Tcl编程基础。第二部分，作者将探讨Tk的使用，让读者了解如何利用它构建图形用户界面，包括标签、按钮、对话框等元素的创建与布局。同时，书中的在线例子会随着读者的学习进度不断深入，提供实时实践的机会。书中还特别强调了版本更新，提到了Tcl 7.4和Tk 4.0的特性，确保读者了解到最新技术。对于如何阅读和评估这本书，作者提供了阅读建议，鼓励读者积极参与讨论，通过电子邮件向作者提出问题或反馈。值得注意的是，虽然这是一份未经过正式出版编辑的草稿，但它是由Prentice Hall出版的官方版本的补充资源，ISBN号可供购买正版书籍。此外，书的版权信息明确，仅供个人学习使用。在线版本的提供者是Prentice Hall，读者可以通过指定链接获取更多关于书本的信息和支持。总结来说，《实用编程Tcl/Tk(English)--带标签版》是一本实用且全面的教程，不仅适合希望学习Tcl和Tk的新手，也适合有一定基础的开发者提升技能，通过实际操作和理论结合，逐步掌握这两种强大的编程工具，从而在软件开发中构建出功能丰富的图形界面。

Created: January 6, 1994 —Preface.fm3—Copyright Prentice Hall—DRAFT: 1/13/95

xxvi

Who Should Read This Book

This books is meant to be useful to the beginner as well as the expert in Tcl.

For the beginner and expert alike I recommend careful study of the first chapter

on Tcl. The programming model of Tcl is different from many programming lan-

guages. The model is based on string substitutions, and it is important that you

understand it properly to avoid trouble later on. The remainder of the book con-

sists of examples that should help you get started using Tcl and Tk productively.

This book assumes that you have some UNIX and X background, although

you should be able to get by even if you are a complete novice. Expertise in UNIX

shell programming will help, but it is not required. Where aspects of X are rele-

vant, I will try to provide some background information.

How To Read This Book

This book is best used in a hands-on manner, at the computer trying out the

examples. The book tries to fill the gap between the terse Tcl and Tk manual

pages, which are complete but lack context and examples, and existing Tcl pro-

grams that may or may not be documented or well written.

I recommend the on-line manual pages for the Tcl and Tk commands. They

provide a detailed reference guide to each command. This book summarises some

of the information from the man pages, but it does not provide the complete

details, which can vary from release to release.

I also recommend the book by Ousterhout,

Tcl and the Tk Toolkit

, which

provides a broad overview of all aspects of Tcl and Tk. There is some overlap with

Ousterhout’s book, although that book provides a more detailed treatment of C

programming and Tcl.

How To Review This Book

At this point I am primarily concerned with technical issues. Don’t worry

too much about spelling and other copy edits. Concentrate on the examples and

passages that are confusing. You can mark up the manuscript with a pen and

return it to me. Or, send me email at welch@parc.xerox.com with the subject “tcl

book”. This is the last major draft I will post before getting the book ready for

final publication. If you can return your comments by mid to late February it

would be best. Thanks, in advance!

I would like to highlight a few key spots in the manuscripts as “hot tips”. If

you could nominate one or more such paragraphs from each chapter I will add

some sort of icon to the margin to indicate the “reviewer-selected” hot tips!

Thanks

Many thanks to the patient reviewers of early drafts: Don Libes, Dan Swinehart,

Carl Hauser, Pierre David, Jim Thornton, John Maxwell, Hador Shemtov,

Charles Thayer, Ken Pier. [UPDATE] (Mention email reviews, too)

Created: March 15, 1994 —Overview.fm3—Copyright Prentice Hall—DRAFT: 1/13/95

Introduction

This introduction gives an overview of Tcl and the organization of this book.

guage? How can it help you?

hy Tcl? Is it just another shell lan-

Tcl stands for

Tool Command Language

. Tcl is really two things: a scripting

language, and an interpreter for that language that is designed to be easy to

embed into your application. Tcl and its associated X windows toolkit, Tk, were

designed and crafted by Prof. John Ousterhout of U.C. Berkeley. These packages

can be picked up off the Internet (see below) and used in your application, even a

commercial one. The interpreter has been ported from UNIX to DOS and Macin-

tosh environments.

As a scripting language, Tcl is similar to other UNIX shell languages such

as the Bourne Shell, the C Shell, the Korn Shell, and Perl. Shell programs let

you execute other programs. They provide enough programmability (variables,

control flow, procedures) that you can build up complex scripts that assemble

existing programs into a new tool tailored for your needs. Shells are wonderful

for automating routine chores.

It is the ability to easily add a Tcl interpreter to your application that sets it

apart from other shells. Tcl fills the role of an extension language that is used to

configure and customize applications. There is no need to invent a command lan-

guage for your new application, or struggle to provide some sort of user-program-

mability for your tool. Instead, by adding a Tcl interpreter you are encouraged to

structure your application as a set of primitive operations that can be composed

by a script to best suit the needs of your users. It also allows programmatic con-

trol over your application by other programs, leading to suites of applications

that work together well.

There are other choices for extension languages that include Scheme, Elisp,

and Python. Your choice between them is partly a matter of taste. Tcl has simple

Created: March 15, 1994 —Overview.fm3—Copyright Prentice Hall—DRAFT: 1/13/95

xxviii

constructs and looks somewhat like C. It is also easy to add new Tcl primitives by

writing C procedures. By now there are a large number of Tcl commands that

have been contributed by the Tcl community. So another reason to choose Tcl is

because of what you can access from Tcl scripts “out-of-the-box”. To me, this is

more important than the details of the language.

The Tcl C library has clean interfaces and is simple to use. The library

implements the basic interpreter and a set of core scripting commands that

implement variables, flow control, file I/O, and procedures (see page 15). In addi-

tion, your application can define new Tcl commands. These commands are associ-

ated with a C or C++ procedure that your application provides. The result is that

applications are split into a set of primitives written in a compiled language and

exported as Tcl commands. A Tcl script is used to compose the primitives into the

overall application. The script layer has access to shell-like capability to run

other programs and access the file system, as well as call directly into the appli-

cation by using the application-specific Tcl commands you define. In addition,

from the C programming level, you can call Tcl scripts, set and query Tcl vari-

ables, and even trace the execution of the Tcl interpreter.

There are many Tcl extensions freely available on the net. Most extensions

include a C library that provides some new functionality, and a Tcl interface to

the library. Examples include socket access for network programming, database

access, telephone control, MIDI controller access, and

expect

, which adds Tcl

commands to control interactive programs.

The most notable extension is Tk, a toolkit for X windows. Tk defines Tcl

commands that let you create and manipulate user interface widgets. The script-

based approach to UI programming has three benefits. First, development is fast

because of the rapid turnaround - there is no waiting for long compilations. Sec-

ond, the Tcl commands provide a higher-level interface to X than most standard

C library toolkits. Simple interfaces require just a handful of commands to define

them. At the same time, it is possible to refine the interface in order to get every

detail just so. The fast turnaround aids the refinement process. The third advan-

tage is that the user interface is clearly factored out from the rest of your appli-

cation. The developer can concentrate on the implementation of the application

core, and then fairly painlessly work up a user interface. The core set of Tk wid-

gets is often sufficient for all your UI needs. However, it is also possible to write

custom Tk widgets in C, and again there are many contributed Tk widgets avail-

able on the network.

Ftp Archives

The network archive site for Tcl is

ftp.aud.alcatel.com

. Under the

/tcl

directory there are subdirectories for the core Tcl distributions (

sprite-mirror

for historical reasons), contributed extensions (

extensions

), contributed applica-

tions (

code

), documentation (

docs

), and Tcl for non-UNIX platforms (

distrib

Mirror sites for the archive include:

ftp://syd.dit.csiro.au/pub/tk/contrib

ftp://syd.dit.csiro.au/pub/tk/sprite

xxx Chap.

The

courier

font is also used when naming Tcl commands and C proce-

dures within sentences.

The usage of a Tcl command is presented as shown below. The command

name and constant keywords appear in

courier

. Variable values appear in

cou-

rier oblique

. Optional arguments are surrounded with question marks.

set varname ?value?

The name of a UNIX program is in italics, e.g.

xterm

Tcl 7.4 and Tk 4.0

This book is up-to-date with Tcl version 7.4 and Tk version 4.0. There are

occasional descriptions of Tk 3.6 features. The last chapter has some notes about

porting scripts written in earlier versions of Tk.

Book Organization

The first chapter of this book describes the fundamental mechanisms that

characterize the Tcl language. This is an important chapter that provides the

basic grounding you will need to use Tcl effectively. Even if you have pro-

grammed in Tcl already, you should review this chapter.

Chapters 2-5 cover the basic Tcl commands in more detail, including string

handling, regular expressions, data types, control flow, procedures and scoping

issues. You can skip these chapters if you already know Tcl.

Chapter 6 discusses

eval

and more advanced Tcl coding techniques. If you

are running into quoting problems, check out this chapter.

Chapter 7 describes the interface to UNIX and the shell-like capabilities to

run other programs and examine the file system. The I/O commands are

described here.

Chapter 8 describes the facilities provided by the interpreter for introspec-

tion. You can find out about all the internal state of Tcl. Development aids and

debugging are also covered here.

Chapter 9 describes the script library facility. If you do much Tcl program-

ming, you will want to collect useful scripts into a library. This chapter also

describes coding conventions to support larger scale programming efforts.

Chapter10 is an introduction to Tk. It explains the relevant aspects of X

and the basic model provided by the Tk toolkit.

Chapter 11 illustrates Tk programming with a number of short examples.

One of the examples is a browser for the code examples in this book.

Chapter 12 explains geometry management, which is responsible for

arranging widgets on the screen. The chapter is primarily about the packer

geometry manager, although the simpler place geometry manager is also briefly

described.

Chapter 13 covers event binding. A binding registers a Tcl script that is exe-

cuted in response to events from the X window system.

Chapter 14 describes the

button

and

widgets. The chapter includes a

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