Puppet配置管理指南：Linux高效工具解析

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"Puppet详解——Linux管理高效工具" 这本书《Pulling Strings with Puppet: Configuration Management Made Easy》由James Turnbull撰写，是一本关于Puppet配置管理工具的中文版指南。Puppet是一个流行的开源自动化运维工具，它能帮助系统管理员有效地管理和配置Linux系统。书中详细介绍了如何安装、运行以及扩展Puppet的功能。在第一章"Introducing Puppet"中，作者向读者介绍了Puppet的基本概念和作用，阐述了为什么需要配置管理系统，以及Puppet如何简化系统管理任务。Puppet通过声明式的方法定义系统状态，使得IT基础设施的配置变得直观且易于维护。第二章"Installing and Running Puppet"涵盖了Puppet的安装过程和基础操作。这包括设置Puppet服务器和客户端（也称为Agent），以及如何配置它们进行通信，确保Puppet可以在不同节点间正确地分发和应用配置。第三章"Speaking Puppet"深入讲解了Puppet的语言和语法，如定义资源、类、定义变量以及编写模块等。这些内容使读者能够编写自己的Puppetmanifests，定义和管理IT环境中的各种资源。第四章"Using Puppet"介绍了如何在实际环境中运用Puppet，包括管理文件、服务、用户、软件包等系统组件。此外，还讨论了Puppet的运行周期和如何确保配置的更新是幂等的，即多次应用相同配置不会改变系统状态。第五章"Reporting on Puppet"关注的是监控和报告功能，讲述了如何利用Puppet收集的执行日志和状态信息来评估系统的健康状况，以及如何生成报告以便于审计和故障排查。第六章"Advanced Puppet"探讨了更高级的主题，如使用Puppet的模块仓库，进行资源调度，以及处理复杂依赖关系。这部分内容有助于提升Puppet的使用效率和灵活性。第七章"Extending Puppet"则涉及如何自定义Puppet，包括编写插件和扩展，以满足特定组织或项目的需求。这使Puppet能够适应更广泛的自动化场景。这本书对于希望提升Linux系统管理水平，尤其是想要掌握Puppet的人来说是一份宝贵的资源。通过学习，读者不仅可以了解Puppet的工作原理，还能掌握其实际应用技巧，从而实现高效、可靠的IT基础设施管理。

CHAPTER 1

Introducing Puppet

The lives of system administrators and in general individuals employed in IT’s operational

sector often revolve around a series of repetitive tasks: configuring hosts, creating users,

and managing applications, daemons, and services. Often these tasks are repeated many

times in the life cycle of one host in order to add new configuration or remedy configuration

that has changed through error, entropy, or development. These tasks can be an ineffective

use of time and effort.

The usual first response to these tasks is to try to automate them. This leads to the

development of custom-built scripts and applications. In my first role as an administrator, I

remember creating a collection of Control Language (CL) and Rexx scripts that I

subsequently used to manage and operate a variety of infrastructure. Very little of the

scripts developed in this ad hoc manner are ever published, documented, or reused. Indeed,

and is usually left behind when they move on. This leads to the same tool being developed

over and over again.

Custom scripts and applications rarely scale to suit large environments and often have

issues of stability, flexibility, and functionality. Such scripts also tend to suit only one target

platform, resulting in situations such as the need to create a user creation script for BSD,

one for Linux, and still another for Solaris. This increases the time and effort required to

develop and maintain the very tools you are hoping to use to reduce administrative efforts.

Other approaches include the purchase of configuration management applications like

Opsware, BMC’s CONTROL-M, and CA’s Unicenter products. But commercial tools

generally suffer from two key issues: price and flexibility. Cost can quickly become an

issue because the more types of platform and number of hosts that you are managing, the

greater the cost. Commercial tools are also usually closed source and are limited to the

features available to them, meaning that if you want to extend them, do something custom

or specific to your environment, you need to request a new feature, potentially with a

waiting period and associated cost.

Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) systems and configuration management tools

offer an alternative to both custom and commercial solutions, offering two key

opportunities for organizations:

2 Introducing Puppet

Turnbull

• They are open and extensible.

• They are free!

With FOSS products, the tool’s source code is at your fingertips, allowing you to

develop your own enhancements or adjustments. You are also part of a community of

developers who share the vision for the development of that tool. And you and your

organization can in turn contribute to that vision. This ability to shape the direction of the

tools you are using can certainly result in a more flexible outcome for your organization.

The price tag is also obviously an important consideration for the purchase of any tool.

While you sacrifice paid support for many tools, you do get the tool itself at no cost.

Additionally, the active Puppet community can and does provide support. With the price of

many commercial configuration management tools running into hundreds of thousands of

dollars, the potential cost savings from the use of an open source tool can be substantial.

In the configuration management space, a variety of open source tools are available, in

various stages of development and maturity. Some of the key products in this area are

• Puppet (http://puppet.reductivelabs.com/):

A configuration management tool written in Ruby with a client-server model that

uses a declarative language to configure clients.

• cfengine (http://www.cfengine.org/):

One of the first open source configuration management tools, released in 1993, it also

has a client-server model and is commonly used in educational institutions.

• LCFG (http://www.lcfg.org/):

A client-server configuration management tool that uses XML to define

configuration.

• Bcfg2 (http://trac.mcs.anl.gov/projects/bcfg2):

A client-server configuration management tool written in Python. It uses

specifications and the client responses to configure target hosts.

This book focuses on implementing and using one of these open source products,

Puppet, to manage the configuration of your hosts, applications, daemons, and services.

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