面向对象分析与设计(第三版)

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"面向对象分析与设计(第三版) 布奇.pdf" 这篇文档是关于面向对象分析与设计的经典著作——《面向对象分析与设计(第三版)》的PDF版本，作者是布奇。该书深入探讨了面向对象方法在软件开发中的应用，旨在帮助读者掌握如何有效地进行面向对象的系统分析、设计以及实施。书中可能涵盖了以下几个核心知识点： 1. **面向对象基础**：首先，书本会讲解面向对象的基本概念，如类、对象、继承、多态和封装，这些都是理解和实践面向对象编程的基础。 2. **用例建模**：用例模型是需求分析的重要工具，书中可能会详细介绍如何识别、定义和细化用例，以及如何通过用例来描述系统的功能需求。 3. **类与对象的设计**：这部分内容可能包括如何设计类结构，接口的定义，以及类之间的关系（关联、聚合、组合等）。 4. **统一建模语言(UML)**：UML是一种标准化的建模语言，用于可视化和表达软件系统的设计。书中可能涉及UML的各个图，如用例图、类图、序列图、协作图、状态图和活动图等，并讲解如何使用它们进行系统建模。 5. **设计模式**：设计模式是解决常见软件设计问题的成熟解决方案，书中可能涵盖一些经典的设计模式，如工厂模式、单例模式、观察者模式等，以及如何在实际项目中应用这些模式。 6. **企业级应用开发**：结合J2EE（Java 2企业版）和UML，书本可能讨论了如何构建大型分布式系统，涵盖事务管理、安全性和可扩展性等方面。 7. **软件工程过程**：可能会介绍Rational统一过程（RUP），这是一种迭代和增量的软件开发方法论，包括需求、分析、设计、实现、测试和维护等阶段。 8. **测试与质量保证**：面向对象系统的测试策略和工具，如书中提到的《Testing Object-Oriented Systems: Models, Patterns, and Tools》一书，可能会探讨如何有效地测试对象模型和确保软件质量。 9. **XML与UML的结合**：随着XML在数据交换和Web服务中的广泛应用，书中可能会讲解如何使用UML来建模XML应用。 10. **面向切面的分析与设计**：随着面向切面编程（AOP）的出现，书本可能探讨如何将关注点分离，以提高代码的模块化和可维护性。 11. **配置管理和版本控制**：如《The Art of ClearCase® Deployment》一书提及，可能涉及到软件开发中的配置管理工具ClearCase的部署和使用。 12. **软件项目管理**：书中可能还包含对软件项目管理的讨论，如何有效地管理面向对象的项目，包括时间、成本和质量管理。通过学习这本书，读者不仅可以深入了解面向对象分析与设计的理论，还能获得实际操作的指导，提升软件开发的专业技能。

PREFACE xv

2. This edition introduces some new domains and contexts in the Applications

chapters. For example, the application domains range broadly across vari-

ous levels of abstraction from high-level systems architecture to the design

details of a Web-based system.

3. When the previous edition was p

ublished, C++ was relatively new, as was

the very concept of OO programming. Readers tell us that this emphasis is

no longer a primary concern. There is an abundance of OO programming

and technique books and training available, not to mention additional pro-

gramming languages designed for OO development. Therefore, most of the

coding discuss

ions have been removed.

4. Finally, in response to requests received from readers, this edition focuses

much more on the modeling aspects of OOAD. The Applications section

will show you how to use the UML, with each chapter emphasizing one

phase of the overall development lifecycle.

Goals

This book provides practical guidance on the analysis and design of object-

oriented systems. Its specific goals are the following:

■ To provide a sound understanding of the fundamental concepts and histori-

cal evolution of the object model

■ To facilitate a mastery of the notation and process of object-oriented

analysis and design

■ To teach the realistic application of object-oriented analysis and design

within a variety of problem domains

The concepts presented all stand on a solid theoretical foundation, but this is

primarily a pragmatic book that addresses the practical needs and concerns of

software engineering practitioners, from the ar

chitect to the software developer.

Audience

This book is written for the computer professional as well as for the student.

■ For the practicing systems and software developer, we show you how to

effectively use object-oriented technology to solve real problems.

■ In your role as an analyst or architect, we offer you a path from require-

ments to implementation, using object-oriented analysis and design. We

xvi PREFACE

develop your ability to distinguish “good” object-oriented architectures

from “bad” ones and to trade off alternate designs when the perversity of the

real world intrudes. Perhaps most important, we offer you fresh approaches

to reasoning about complex systems.

■ For the program manager, we provide insight on topics such as allocation of

resources of a team of developers, software quality, metrics, and manage-

ment of the risks associated with complex software systems.

■ For the student, we provide the instruction necessary for you to begin

acquiring several important skills in the science and art of developing com-

plex systems.

This book is also suitable for use in undergraduate and graduate courses as well as

in professional seminars and individu

al study. Because it deals primarily with a

method of software development, it is most appropriate for courses in software

engineering and as a supplement to courses involving specific object-oriented

programming languages.

Structure

The book is divided into three major sections—Concepts, Method, and

Applications—with considerable supplemental material woven throughout.

Concepts

Section I examines the inherent complexity of software and the ways in which

complexity manifests itself. We present the object model as a means of helping us

manage this complexity. In detail, we examine the fundamental elements of the

object model such as: abstraction, enc

apsulation, modularity, and hierarchy. We

address basic questions such as “What is a class?” and “What is an object?”

Because the identification of meaningful classes and objects is the key task in

object-oriented development, we spend considerable time study

ing the nature of

classification. In particular, we examine approaches to classification in other dis-

ciplines, such as biology, linguistics, and psychology, and then apply these les-

sons to the problem of discovering classes and objects in software systems.

Method

Section II presents a method for the development of complex systems based on

the object model. We first present a graphic notation (i.e., the UML) for object-

PREFACE xvii

oriented analysis and design, followed by a generic process framework. We also

examine the pragmatics of object-oriented development—in particular, its place

in the software development lifecycle and its implications for project management.

Applications

Section III offers a collection of five nontrivial examples encompassing a diverse

selection of problem domains: system architecture, control systems, cryptanaly-

sis, data acquisition, and Web development. We have chosen these particular

problem domains because they are repres

entative of the kinds of complex prob-

lems faced by the practicing software engineer. It is easy to show how certain

principles apply to simple problems, but because our focus is on building useful

systems for the real world, we are more interested in showing how the object

model scales up to complex applications. The

development of software systems is

rarely amenable to cookbook approaches; therefore, we emphasize the incremen-

tal development of applications, guided by a number of sound principles and

well-formed models.

Supplemental Material

A considerable amount of supplemental material is woven throughout the book.

Most chapters have sidebars that provide information on related topics. We

include an appendix on object-oriented programming languages that summarizes

the features of a few common languages. We also provide a glossary of common

terms and an extensive

classified bibliography that lists references to source mate-

rial on the object model.

A Note about Tools

Readers always ask about the tools used to create the diagrams in the book. Pri-

marily, we have used two fine tools for the diagrams: IBM Rational Software

Architect and Sparx Systems Enterprise Architect. Why not use just one? The

reality of the marketplace is that no tool does everything. The longer you do

OOAD, you will eventually find some atypic

al “corner case” that no tool sup-

ports. (In that case, you may have to resort to basic drawing tools to show what

you want.) But don’t let those rare instances stop you from using robust OOAD

tools such as those we mentioned.

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