自动识别与数据捕获技术-二维码印刷质量测试规范

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ISO/IEC 15415-2004 是一项国际标准，以确保条码质量和打印质量满足自动识别和数据捕获技术的要求。该标准适用于二维条码，为用户提供了一个可靠和一致的方法来评估和测量条码质量。 ISO/IEC 15415-2004 主要包含了条码质量测试的规范和要求。该标准定义了一系列符号、术语和参数，用于描述和评估条码的打印质量。它要求在特定的测试条件下对条码进行测试，并通过根据标准中定义的规则和流程来分析测试结果。这个标准主要包含了以下几个方面的内容： 1. 标准术语和定义：ISO/IEC 15415-2004 提供了一些标准术语和定义，以便各方能够对标准中使用的术语有一个统一的理解。这些术语和定义的准确定义有助于消除不同人之间的误解和混淆。 2. 测试条件和设备要求：该标准明确了进行条码质量测试所需的测试条件和设备要求。这些条件和要求包括了测试环境、测试设备、测试样本等。 3. 测量参数和评估规则：ISO/IEC 15415-2004 提供了一系列测量参数和评估规则，用于评估和测量条码的打印质量。这些参数包括了条码的对比度、条码的模块大小、条码的偏移度等。评估规则则规定了某个参数的取值范围和对应的评级。 4. 测试结果报告：该标准要求用户记录和报告测试结果。测试结果报告应包括测试样本的详细信息、测试设备和条件、测量参数的取值和评级等内容。这些报告有助于用户进行质量控制和质量改进。通过遵循ISO/IEC 15415-2004的要求和规范，用户可以对条码的打印质量进行准确和可靠的评估，以确保条码符合自动识别和数据捕获技术的要求。这不仅有助于提高条码的可读性和可靠性，还能够提高整个自动识别和数据捕获过程的效率和准确性。总之，ISO/IEC 15415-2004 是一项重要的国际标准，为用户提供了一个标准化和统一的方法来评估和测量条码的打印质量。通过遵循该标准，用户可以确保条码满足自动识别和数据捕获技术的要求，从而提高整个自动识别和数据捕获过程的质量和效率。

ISO/IEC 15415:2004(E)

Table 1 — Equivalence of numeric and alphabetic quality grades

Numeric grade Alphabetic Grade

4 A

3 B

2 C

1 D

0 F

5.3 Overall Symbol Grade

The overall symbol grade shall be calculated as defined in 6.2.6 or 7.10. Overall symbol grades shall be

expressed to one decimal place on a numeric scale ranging in descending order of quality from 4,0 to 0,0.

Where a specification defines overall symbol grades in alphabetic terms the relative mapping of the alphabetic

and numeric grades is as illustrated in Figure 1 below. For example, the range of 1,5 to immediately below 2,5

corresponds to grade C.

Figure 1 — Mapping of alphabetic and numeric overall symbol grades

5.4 Reporting of symbol grade

A symbol grade is only meaningful if it is reported in conjunction with the illumination and aperture used. It

should be shown in the format grade/aperture/light/angle, where:

• "grade" is the overall symbol grade as defined in 6.2.6 or 7.10, i.e. the arithmetic mean to one decimal

place of the scan reflectance profile or scan grades,

• "aperture" is the aperture reference number [from ISO/IEC 15416 for linear scanning techniques, or the

diameter in thousandths of an inch (to the nearest thousandth) of the synthetic aperture defined in 7.3.3],

• "light" defines the illumination: a numeric value indicates the peak light wavelength in nanometres (for

narrow band illumination); the alphabetic character W indicates that the symbol has been measured with

broadband illumination ("white light") the spectral response characteristics of which must imperatively be

defined or have their source specification clearly referenced,

• "angle" is an additional parameter defining the angle of incidence (relative to the plane of the symbol) of

the illumination. It shall be included in the reporting of the overall symbol grade when the angle of

incidence is other than 45°. Its absence indicates that the angle of incidence is 45°.

NOTE This International Standard provides for 30° and 90° illumination in addition to the default 45°.

ISO/IEC 15415:2004(E)

An asterisk following the value for "grade", in the case of a two-dimensional matrix symbol, indicates that the

surroundings of the symbol contain extremes of reflectance that may interfere with reading - see 7.6.

EXAMPLES

2,8/05/660 would indicate that the average of the grades of the scan reflectance profiles, or of the scan grades, was 2,8

when these were obtained with the use of a 0,125 mm aperture (ref. no. 05) and a 660 nm light source, incident at 45°.

2,8/10/W/30 would indicate the grade of a symbol intended to be read in broadband light, measured with light incident at

30° and using a 0,250 mm aperture (ref. no. 10), but would need to be accompanied either by a reference to the

application specification defining the reference spectral characteristics used for measurement or a definition of the spectral

characteristics themselves.

2,8*/10/670 would indicate the grade of a symbol measured using a 0,250 mm aperture (ref. no. 10), and a 670 nm light

source, and indicates the presence of a potentially interfering extreme reflectance value in the surroundings of the symbol.

6 Measurement methodology for two-dimensional multi-row bar code symbols

6.1 General

The evaluation of two-dimensional multi-row bar code symbols shall be based on the application of the

methodology of ISO/IEC 15416, modified as described in 6.2.2 or 6.3, and if appropriate for the symbology, on

the application of the additional provisions described in 6.2.3, 6.2.4 and 6.2.5, to derive an overall symbol

grade. Ambient light levels shall be controlled in order not to have any influence on the measurement results.

The symbol shall be scanned using the light wavelength(s) and effective aperture size specified in the

appropriate application standard. When performing a measurement, the scan lines should be made

perpendicular to the height of the bars in the start and stop characters and should as far as possible pass

through the centres of rows in order to minimize the effect of cross-talk from adjacent rows. In the case of area

imaging techniques, a number of scan lines, perpendicular to the height of the bars and sufficient to cover all

rows of the symbol, shall be synthesized by convolving the raw image with the appropriate synthetic aperture.

6.2 Symbologies with cross-row scanning ability

6.2.1 Basis of grading

The distinguishing feature of these symbologies is their ability to be read with scan lines that cross row

boundaries. Symbologies of this type, at the date of publication of this International Standard, also share the

feature that the start and stop patterns (or equivalent features of the symbol, e.g. the Row Address Patterns of

MicroPDF417) are constant from row to row, or the position of only one edge in these patterns varies by no

more than 1X in adjacent rows of the symbol. These symbologies shall be graded in respect of:

 Analysis of the scan reflectance profile (based on ISO/IEC 15416) (see 6.2.2)

 Codeword Yield (see 6.2.3)

 Unused Error Correction (see 6.2.4)

 Codeword print quality (see 6.2.5)

6.2.2 Grade based on analysis of scan reflectance profile

The start and stop or equivalent (e.g. Row Address) patterns of the symbol shall be evaluated according to

ISO/IEC 15416. Regions with data content will be evaluated separately as described in 6.1.2, 6.1.3 and 6.1.4.

Test scans of the Start and Stop patterns shall be graded using all parameters specified in

ISO/IEC 15416.The effective aperture size is specified in the appropriate application standard or is the default

aperture size appropriate for the symbol X dimension given in ISO/IEC 15416.

ISO/IEC 15415:2004(E)

For the analysis of the scan reflectance profiles, the number of scans should be ten, or the height of the

symbol divided by the measuring aperture. If this quotient is less than ten scans should be approximately

evenly spaced over the height of the symbol. For example, in a twenty-row symbol the ten scans might be

performed in alternate rows. In a two-row symbol, up to five scans might be performed in each row, at different

positions in the height of the bars. The symbology specification may give more specific guidance on the

selection of the scans to be used.

To identify bars and spaces, a Global Threshold for each scan has to be determined. Global Threshold shall

be equal in reflectance to (R

max

+ R

min

) / 2, where the values R

max

and R

min

are respectively the highest and

the lowest reflectances in the scan. All regions above the Global Threshold shall be considered spaces (or

quiet zones) and all regions below shall be considered bars.

Edge locations shall be determined as the points where the reflectance value is midway between the highest

reflectance in the adjoining space and the lowest reflectance in the adjoining bar, in accordance with

ISO/IEC 15416.

For the evaluation of the parameters ’decode’ and ’decodability’ the reference decode algorithm for the

symbology shall be applied.

Each scan shall be graded as the lowest grade for any individual parameter in that scan. The grade based on

scan reflectance profiles shall be the arithmetic mean of the grades for the individual scans.

The measurement of bar width gain or loss may be used for process control purposes. Note that this method

will not be sensitive to printing variations parallel to the height of the start and stop characters. If a full analysis

of the printing process is desired, symbols should be printed and tested in both orientations.

6.2.3 Grade based on Codeword Yield

This parameter measures the efficiency with which linear scans can recover data from a two-dimensional

multi-row symbol. The Codeword Yield is the number of validly decoded codewords expressed as a

percentage of the maximum number of codewords that could have been decoded (after adjusting for tilt). A

poor Codeword Yield, for a symbol whose other measurements are good, may indicate a Y-axis print quality

problem (such as those shown in Table C.1).

Obtain a matrix of the correct symbol character values, such as would result from successful completion of the

UEC calculations (see 6.2.4). This matrix is used as the "final decode of the symbol" used in subsequent

steps to determine validly decoded codewords.

An individual scan qualifies for inclusion in the Codeword Yield calculation if it meets either of two conditions:

1) The scan did not include recognised portions of either the top or the bottom row of the symbol. At

least one of the Start or Stop (or Row Address) patterns shall have been successfully decoded from

that scan, together with at least one additional codeword or the corresponding second Start or Stop

pattern, or Row Address Pattern.

2) The scan included recognised portions of either the top or the bottom row of the symbol. Both the

Start and Stop patterns of the symbol shall have been successfully decoded from that scan.

It is important to note that an extension to the symbology’s Reference Decode Algorithm is required, in order

to detect and decode a pair of Start and Stop patterns when neither of the adjacent codewords is decodable.

As examples, a linear search for a matching pair of PDF417 Start and Stop patterns, or a linear search for a

matching pair of MicroPDF417 Row Indicator Patterns, would fulfil this requirement for scans where the

Reference Decode Algorithm alone did not decode both patterns; thus this extension can qualify a scan where

no codewords (other than the matched end patterns) were decoded. Note however, that a scan that contains

only a single decoded Start or Stop pattern found by this linear search does not count as a qualified scan, if no

other codewords or corresponding second Start or Stop pattern, or Row Address Pattern, were also decoded.

Decode the symbol completely and populate the symbol matrix.

For each qualified scan, compare the codewords actually decoded with the codewords in the symbol matrix

and count the number of codewords that match. Accumulate the total number of validly decoded codewords,

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