.NET程序员必知：ECMA-335 Common Language Infrastructure详解

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"ECMA-335 Common Language Infrastructure标准，第六版，2012年6月发布，由Ecma International制定，是.NET程序员需要理解的基础。该标准分为I到V五个部分，涉及CLI（Common Language Infrastructure），是.NET框架的核心组成部分，支持多种编程语言的互操作性。" ECMA-335《公共语言基础设施》(CLI)是.NET框架的基础，它定义了一套规范，确保了基于.NET的多种编程语言（如C#）能够在同一环境中无缝交互。CLI由ECMA国际制定，旨在促进跨平台的代码兼容性和可移植性。 CLI主要包含以下几个核心概念和组件： 1. **元数据(Metadata)**：CLI中的每个程序集都携带元数据，这些元数据包含了类型、方法、属性等信息，使得编译器和运行时环境可以理解和处理代码。 2. **中间语言(IL，Intermediate Language)**：所有编译后的.NET代码都会被转换为IL，这是一种平台无关的指令集，由CLI的JIT（Just-In-Time）编译器在运行时转化为机器码。 3. **类型系统(Type System)**：CLI定义了一套严格且完整的类型系统，包括值类型、引用类型、接口等，确保类型安全和兼容性。 4. **内存管理**：CLI通过垃圾收集机制自动化内存管理，处理对象的分配和回收，避免内存泄漏。 5. **安全性(Security)**：CLI提供了强制执行的安全模型，允许代码的沙盒执行，以限制潜在有害操作。 6. **异常处理(Exception Handling)**：CLI支持结构化异常处理，使得程序能够优雅地处理错误和异常情况。 7. **多线程(Multithreading)**：CLI提供多线程支持，允许开发者创建并行执行的代码，提高程序性能。 8. **运行时宿主(Runtime Host)**：运行时宿主负责初始化和管理CLI环境，加载程序集，并启动应用程序。 9. **互操作性(Interoperability)**：CLI允许与非.NET组件（如COM组件或本机DLL）进行互操作，扩展了.NET生态系统的功能。 10. **调试与诊断(Debugging and Diagnostics)**：CLI提供了调试接口，允许开发者对运行中的代码进行调试，以及通过工具进行性能分析。 ECMA-335标准的五个部分分别涵盖了不同的主题： - 第一部分（I）概述了CLI的总体架构和基本概念。 - 第二部分（II）详细描述了CLI的执行环境，包括运行时环境、内存管理、异常处理等。 - 第三部分（III）规定了元数据的格式和语义。 - 第四部分（IV）定义了IL指令集和类型系统。 - 第五部分（V）涵盖了CLI的实现一致性要求和测试。了解并掌握CLI对于深入理解.NET框架的工作原理至关重要，无论是开发、调试还是优化.NET应用，都离不开对CLI的理解。通过学习ECMA-335标准，开发者能更好地利用.NET平台提供的各种特性，提升软件开发的效率和质量。

xiv © Ecma International 2012

III.3.7 bge.un.<length> – branch on greater than o r equal to ,

unsigned or unordered 330

III.3.8 bgt.<length> – b r a nch on gr eater than 331

III.3.9 bgt.un.<length> – branch on greater than, unsigned or

unordered 332

III.3.10 ble.<length> – b r anc h o n less than or eq ual to 333

III.3.11 ble.un.<length > – b r a nch on le ss than o r equal to, unsigned or

unordered 334

III.3.12 blt.<length> – b r a n c h o n less than 335

III.3.13 blt.un.<length> – b r a nch on less than, unsigned or unordered 336

III.3.14 bne.un<length> – b r anch on not equal or unordered 337

III.3.15 br.<length> – unc o nd iti ona l b r a nch 338

III.3.16 break – breakpoi nt i n str uction 339

III.3.17 brfalse.<len gt h > – b r anch on false, null, o r zero 340

III.3.18 brtrue.<length> – branch on non - fa lse or no n -nul l 341

III.3.19 call – call a method 342

III.3.20 calli – indirect method call 344

III.3.21 ceq – compare equal 346

III.3.22 cgt – compare greater than 347

III.3.23 cgt.un – co mpar e gre a te r t ha n, uns i g ned or u no r dere d 348

III.3.24 ckfinite – c hec k fo r a f i ni te r ea l n u mb er 349

III.3.25 clt – compare less than 350

III.3.26 clt.un – co mpare le ss t h a n, u nsi g ned o r u norder e d 351

III.3.27 conv.<to t ype> – d a ta c onve r sion 352

III.3.28 conv.ovf.<to t ype> – d ata conversio n with overflo w detectio n 353

III.3.29 conv.ovf.<to t ype> .un – unsigned data conversion with

overflo w detection 354

III.3.30 cpblk – cop y data fro m me mor y to me mor y 355

III.3.31 div – divide values 356

III.3.32 div.un – di v ide i nt e ger va l ue s, u n s i gne d 357

III.3.33 dup – duplicate the top val ue of t he stack 358

III.3.34 endfilter – e nd e xcep tio n h a ndling fi lt er c la u se 359

III.3.35 endfin a ll y – end the finally o r fault clause of an exception

block 360

III.3.36 initblk – i n it ia lize a blo ck o f me mor y to a va l ue 361

III.3.37 jm p – j u mp to method 362

III.3.38 ldarg.<length > – l o ad a rgume nt o nto the sta ck 363

III.3.39 ldarga.<length> – lo a d an argument addr e ss 364

III.3.40 ldc.<t ype> – l o ad n u me ric c o nstant 365

III.3.41 ldftn – load method pointer 366

III.3.42 ldind.<t ype> – l o ad v a l ue i nd i r e c t o nt o the stac k 367

III.3.43 ldloc – load local variable onto the stack 369

III.3.44 ldloca.<length> – lo a d local variable ad d r ess 370

III.3.45 ldnull – load a null pointer 371

III.3.46 leave.<leng th > – e xit a protected r egion o f code 372

III.3.47 localloc – a llo cat e spac e i n t he loca l d yna mic memo r y p o o l 373

III.3.48 m ul – multip l y va l ue s 374

III.3.49 m ul.ovf.<t ype> – mu l tiply i ntege r values with over flo w check 375

III.3.50 neg – ne gate 376

III.3.51 nop – no operation 377

III.3.52 not – bit wise co mple ment 378

III.3.53 or – b it wi se OR 379

III.3.54 pop – remove t he top el e me nt of the stac k 380

III.3.55 rem – co mpute re mai nd e r 381

III.3.56 rem.un – co mp u te i nt e ger r e ma ind er , unsigned 382

III.3.57 ret – ret ur n from method 383

III.3.58 shl – shift integer left 384

III.3.59 shr – shift i nteger ri g ht 385

III.3.60 shr.un – s hi f t inte g er ri g ht, u n si g ned 386

III.3.61 starg.<length > – sto r e a value in an argument slot 387

III.3.62 stind.<t ype> – s t o r e v a l ue i nd i rec t fro m stack 388

III.3.63 stloc – pop value fro m s tack to local variable 389

III.3.64 sub – subtract nu meric val ue s 390

III.3.65 sub.ovf.<t ype> – s u btr act integer values, checking for

overflo w 391

III.3.66 switch – tabl e s wi tc h b a s ed o n v a l u e 392

III.3.67 xor – bit wise XOR 393

III.4 Object model instructio ns 394

III.4.1 box – c o nve r t a boxab l e value to its boxed form 394

III.4.2 callvirt – cal l a method a s s o c i at e d , a t r u n t i me , wi t h a n o b j e c t 396

III.4.3 castclass – c a s t a n o b j e c t to a clas s 398

III.4.4 cpobj – cop y a val ue fro m o n e addr e s s to a no t he r 399

III.4.5 initobj – i nitial ize t he val ue at a n address 400

III.4.6 isinst – test if a n object is an instance of a class or interface 401

III.4.7 ldelem – lo ad e le me n t f r o m arra y 402

III.4.8 ldelem.<type> – lo a d an eleme nt o f an array 403

III.4.9 ldelema – load addre s s o f a n e l e me n t o f an a r r ay 405

III.4.10 ldfld – load field of an obj ect 406

III.4.11 ldflda – load field addre s s 407

III.4.12 ldlen – load t he length o f a n arr a y 408

III.4.13 ldobj – copy a val ue fro m a n addr e s s t o t h e s ta c k 409

xvi © Ecma International 2012

III.4.14 ldsfld – load static field of a class 410

III.4.15 ldsflda – load s ta tic fi el d addre ss 411

III.4.16 ldstr – load a literal stri n g 412

III.4.17 ldtoken – load t he r u n ti me repres e nta tion o f a metadata token 413

III.4.18 ldvirtftn – load a vir t ual met hod po i nt er 414

III.4.19 mk r ef any – p ush a t yp e d refe r e nce o n the stack 415

III.4.20 newarr – crea te a zero -base d , one-di men sional arra y 416

III.4.21 newobj – cre a te a ne w o b j ect 417

III.4.22 refan yt ype – lo a d t h e t ype o ut o f a t yp e d re f e r ence 420

III.4.23 refan yval – load t he ad d res s o ut o f a t yped re fe r ence 421

III.4.24 rethrow – ret h r o w t he c ur r ent e xception 422

III.4.25 sizeof – load t he size, i n b yte s,o f a t yp e 423

III.4.26 stelem – store ele me n t t o arra y 424

III.4.27 stelem.<type> – st o re a n e le me nt o f an array 425

III.4.28 stfld – store into a field of a n objec t 427

III.4.29 stobj – store a value at an addre s s 428

III.4.30 stsfld – store a static fi eld o f a c la ss 429

III.4.31 throw – thro w an e xc ept ion 430

III.4.32 unbox – convert boxed va l ue t ype to it s ra w for m 431

III.4.33 unbox.an y – co n v e r t bo xed t yp e to va l ue 432

IV.1 Overview 434

IV.2 Libraries and Profiles 435

IV.2.1 Li b r ar i e s 435

IV.2.2 Profi l e s 435

IV.2.3 The r e l a t i o nshi p b e t we e n Lib r a r ies a nd Profiles 436

IV.3 The Standard Prof iles 437

IV.3.1 The K e r ne l P rofil e 437

IV.3.2 The Co mp a c t P rofile 437

IV.4 Kernel Profile feature requ ire me n t s 438

IV.4.1 Fe a t ur e s e xcl ud ed from the Kernel Profile 438

IV.4.1.1 Floating point 438

IV.4.1.2 No n - vector arra ys 438

IV.4.1.3 Reflection 438

IV.4.1.4 Application domains 439

IV.4.1.5 Remoting 439

IV.4.1.6 Vararg 439

IV.4.1.7 Frame gro wth 439

IV.4.1.8 Filtered exceptions 439

VI.Annex B Sample progra ms 462

VI.B.1 Mutually recursive progra m (with tail calls) 462

VI.B.2 Using value types 463

VI.B.3 Custom attributes 465

VI.B.4 Generics code and me t adata 468

VI.B.4.1 ILAs m vers io n 468

VI.B.4.2 C# versio n 469

VI.B.4.3 Metadata 469

VI.Annex C CIL asse mbler i mple mentation 471

VI.C.1 ILAsm keywords 471

VI.C.2 CIL opcode descriptions 483

VI.C.3 Complete grammar 494

VI.C.4 Instruction syntax 509

VI.C.4.1 T o p -le vel i nstr uc tion s y nta x 510

VI.C.4.2 Instructio n s with no ope r and 510

VI.C.4.3 Instructio ns t ha t r efe r to parameters or local variables 511

VI.C.4.4 Instructio n s that take a single 32 -b it i nt e ger a r g ume n t 512

VI.C.4.5 Instructio n s t hat ta ke a si n g le 64 -b it i nt e ger ar g u me n t 512

VI.C.4.6 Instructio n s that take a single floating -p o int argument 512

VI.C.4.7 Branc h instr uctio n s 513

VI.C.4.8 Instructio n s that take a method as a n argument 513

VI.C.4.9 Instructio n s that take a field of a class a s a n a r gume nt 513

VI.C.4.10 Instructions that take a type as an argument 513

VI.C.4.11 Instructions that take a string as an argument 514

VI.C.4.12 Instructions that take a signature as an argument 514

VI.C.4.13 Instructions that take a metadata token as an argument 514

VI.C.4.14 Switch instruction 515

VI.Annex D Class library design guidelines 516

VI.Annex E Portability considerations 517

VI.E.1 Uncontrollable behavior 517

VI.E.2 Language - a nd co mp il er -controllable beh a vio r 517

VI.E.3 Programmer -co n trol lab l e b e ha vior 517

VI.Annex F Imp r e c i s e f a ul t s 519

VI.F.1 Inst r uct ion r e o r d ering 519

VI.F.2 Inli ning 519

VI.F.3 Fi nall y handlers still guaranteed once a try block is entere d 519

VI.F.4 Inte r l ea ve d calls 520

VI.F.4.1 Re j e c te d no tio ns fo r fencing 520

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