Windows调试深度探索

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"Microsoft.Press.Inside.Windows.Debugging.May.2012.pdf" 这本书《Microsoft.Press.Inside.Windows.Debugging.May.2012》由Tarik Soulami撰写，经微软公司授权，由O'Reilly Media, Inc.出版。书中详细探讨了Windows调试的各个方面，是针对Windows操作系统内核调试的一本专业指南。调试是软件开发过程中的关键环节，尤其对于Windows系统，理解和掌握调试技术对于排查和解决系统级问题至关重要。本书深入浅出地介绍了Windows调试工具和方法，旨在帮助读者提升在Windows环境下的故障诊断能力。书中可能涵盖以下核心知识点： 1. **调试基础**：介绍调试的基本概念，包括调试器的工作原理、调试模式（如用户模式和内核模式调试）以及调试过程中的基本操作。 2. **WinDbg工具**：详述Windows调试器WinDbg的使用，包括设置断点、分析内存、查看调用堆栈、跟踪线程、分析内存泄漏等高级功能。 3. **内核模式调试**：讲解如何调试Windows内核，涉及驱动程序、系统服务和系统崩溃分析，以及如何处理蓝屏错误（Blue Screen of Death, BSOD）。 4. **用户模式调试**：关注应用程序的调试技巧，如调试内存错误、线程同步问题、异常处理和性能优化。 5. **内存调试**：探讨内存管理相关的调试技术，包括内存泄漏检测、堆栈跟踪和内存碎片分析。 6. **调试策略与技巧**：分享有效的调试策略，如最小化测试环境、复现问题、使用符号文件（PDB）和日志记录。 7. **网络与安全性调试**：讨论网络协议和安全组件的调试，包括网络连接问题、身份验证错误和加密问题。 8. **调试实战案例**：通过实际的案例研究，演示如何应用所学知识解决复杂的系统问题。 9. **调试API与扩展**：介绍使用调试API编写自定义扩展，以增强调试器的功能。 10. **调试工具集**：除了WinDbg之外，还可能涵盖其他微软提供的调试工具，如Visual Studio调试器、调试支持工具包（Debugging Tools for Windows）等。这本书不仅适合有经验的系统开发者和IT专业人士，也对想要深入理解Windows系统工作原理和故障排查的学习者具有很高的参考价值。通过阅读和实践，读者将能够更有效地诊断和修复Windows系统及应用程序的各种问题。

Foreword

ike many others, I am a rm believer in using tools to expand our understanding

of how systems really work. In fact, I began my career as a performance tools

developer. My boss at that time had many simple sayings; among them was one of my

favorites, “Our team is only as good as our people and our people are only as good as

our tools.” As a manager, I’ve made it a priority to ensure we dedicate many of our top

engineers to tools development and I have always encouraged using tools to teach and

grow engineers.

Teaching books such as Tarik’s are meant to help improve the productivity,

understanding, and condence of others. Being an individual who has had both a

lifelong passion for tools and learning, as well as someone who has spent more than a

decade and a half working in Windows, it is an honor and a pleasure for me to write the

foreword to Tarik’s insightful book.

For decades, the Windows team has worked tirelessly to improve the core

capabilities of the platform and to make it more suitable for increasingly diverse

hardware congurations and software stacks. This hard work has paid off; Windows

today is the preeminent platform for developers, consumers, and businesses across

the globe. With more than 1 billion PCs and customers, Windows is both the market-

leading server and client computing platform. Variants of Windows run on small

form-factor mobile devices, within embedded intelligent systems, on uniform and

non-uniform (NUMA) memory architectures, on the XBOX gaming console, and on

single CPU systems as well as those with hundreds of processors. Windows runs in

clustered congurations with failover capabilities and sits atop hypervisors and Virtual

Machines. And of course, Windows is in the cloud.

Enormous platform success and diversity can be accompanied by an equally

enormous and diverse set of technical challenges. Thousands of engineers at Microsoft,

and tens to hundreds of thousands outside of Microsoft, are involved in building,

debugging, and troubleshooting a multitude of diverse congurations and solutions.

To understand issues in a vastly diverse problem space, foundational tools, techniques,

and concepts are essential.

xvii

Introduction

ne exciting aspect of software programming is that there are usually many ways

to accomplish the same goal. Unfortunately, this also presents software engineers

with unique challenges when trying to make the best design or implementation choice

for each situation. Experience plays a major role, and the learning process is often

progressive as one learns to avoid past mistakes. Sadly, though, experience is often

a variable concept. I have met several software engineers who, after spending a very

long time working on an area, still lacked a basic understanding of how it really worked

beyond the repetitive day-to-day tasks they grew accustomed to. I have also met others

who have perfected their craft in a eld after only a few years of working experience.

This book introduces a few techniques for methodically approaching software

development problems primarily using the two “Swiss Army knives” of expert Microsoft

Windows developers—namely, the Windows debuggers (WinDbg) and the Windows

Performance Toolkit (Xperf). By focusing on why features and components work the

way they do in the system rather than simply on how they work or what they do, this

book tries to accelerate the process of learning by experience and to minimize the

number of mistakes made when approaching new problems. An important part of the

process is learning to compare and contrast with known solutions to existing ones.

Software engineering is still inherently a practical science. (Some might even argue

it’s an art rather than a science.) While there is certainly no substitute for real experi-

ence, the topic can denitely be approached with the same methodical persistence that

works so well for other scientic disciplines. In fact, this approach works even better in

software engineering because all behaviors can be explained rationally. After all, it is

all just code—whether it’s your own code or code written by others that you end up

consuming in your software—and code can always be traced and understood.

Although this book deals with several architectural pillars of the Windows operating

system as part of its debugging and tracing experiments, my main goal in writing it

is less about covering those details and more about encouraging and developing this

critical mindset. I hope to demonstrate how this approach can be used for solving a few

interesting problems as part of this book, and that you continue to systematically apply

debugging and tracing as you expand your learning beyond the topics directly covered

here.

This book is not really about teaching native or managed code programming, either,

although you’ll nd several good coding examples in the companion source code.

Because it takes an inside-out look at how to explore the system using debugging

xviii Introduction

and tracing tools, this book will probably appeal more to software engineers with the

desire to understand system internals rather than those with a need to quickly learn

how to make use of a specic technology. However, I believe the approach and mindset

it aspires to inculcate are applicable regardless of the technology or level of expertise.

In fact, contrary to what many think, the higher the level of technology involved, the

harder it becomes to grasp what goes on behind the scenes and the more expertise

is needed in order to investigate failures when things inevitably go awry and require

debugging skills to save the day. In pure C, for example, a call to malloc is just that: a

function call. In C++, a call to the new keyword is emitted by the compiler as a call to

the new operator function to allocate memory for the object, followed by code to con-

struct the object (again, emitted by the compiler to possibly initialize a virtual pointer

and invoke the constructors of the base classes, construct member data objects, and

nally invoke the user-provided constructor code for the target leaf class). In C# (.NET),

things get even more involved, because a one-line call to the new keyword might

involve compiling new code at runtime, performing security checks by the .NET execu-

tion engine, loading the modules where the target type is dened, tracking the object

reference for later garbage collection, and so on.

Who Should Read This Book

This book is aimed at software engineers who desire to take their game to the next

level, so to speak, and perfect their mastery of Windows as a development platform

through the use of debugging and tracing tools.

Assumptions

Readers should have basic familiarity with the C/C++ and C# programming languages.

A basic knowledge of the Win32 and .NET platforms is helpful, but not strictly required,

because this book makes every effort to introduce basic concepts before expanding

into more advanced topics.

Organization of This Book

This book is divided into three parts:



Part 1, “A Bit of Background,” provides a brief overview of Windows develop-

ment frameworks and the layers in the operating system that support them. This

xix

basic knowledge is important to have when trying to make sense of the data

surfaced by debugging and tracing tools.



Part 2, “Debugging for Fun and Prot,” covers the architectural foundations of

debuggers in the Windows operating system. It also presents a number of ex-

tensible strategies that will help you make the most of the Windows debuggers.

In addition, this part also shows how to use the WinDbg debugger to better

understand system internals by analyzing the important interactions between

your code and the operating system.



Part 3, “Observing and Analyzing Software Behavior,” continues this theme. It

presents the Event Tracing for Windows (ETW) technology and illustrates how to

leverage it in debugging and proling investigations.



Finally, you’ll nd two short appendices at the end of the book that recap the

most common debugging tasks and how to accomplish them using WinDbg.

The table of contents will help you locate chapters and sections quickly. In addition,

each chapter starts with a list of the main points covered in the chapter, and concludes

with a summary section. You can also download the source code for all the experiments

and examples shown throughout the book.

Conventions in This Book

This book presents information using conventions (listed in the following table)

designed to make the information readable and easy to follow:

Convention Meaning

Sidebars Boxed sidebars feature additional bits of information that might be helpful

for a given subject.

Notes Notes provide useful observations related to the content discussed in the

main text.

Inline Code Inline code—that is, code that appears within a paragraph—is shown in italic

font.

Code Blocks Code blocks are shown in a different font to help you distinguish code from

text easily. Important statements appear in bold font to help you focus on

those aspects of the code.

Debugger Listings Debugger listings are shown in a different font, and important commands are

bolded to highlight them. The listings are also often prexed with the out-

put from the standard vertarget debugger command, which displays the OS

version and CPU architecture where the experiment was conducted.

Function Names Function names are sometimes referenced using their WinDbg symbolic

names. For example, kernel32!CreateFileW refers to the CreateFileW Win32

API (“W” for the Unicode avor) exported by the kernel32.dll module.

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