HTTP/2基础教程：新手实践指南

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"Learning HTTP/2 - A Practical Guide for Beginners by Stephen Ludin and Javier Garza" HTTP/2是HTTP协议的最新版本，旨在解决HTTP/1.1在处理现代复杂网页内容时的性能瓶颈。这本书主要面向初学者，深入浅出地介绍了HTTP/2的核心理念和特性，帮助读者理解其设计目的并熟悉如何将其应用于实际场景。 HTTP/1.1是互联网应用广泛使用的协议，但随着Web技术的发展，其多路复用能力有限、头部压缩不足等问题逐渐显现，导致了不必要的延迟和带宽浪费。HTTP/2引入了以下关键改进： 1. **二进制分帧**：HTTP/2将所有通信数据分解为独立的二进制帧，这些帧可以并行传输，提高了数据处理效率。 2. **多路复用**：允许在一个TCP连接上同时处理多个请求和响应，减少了由于TCP慢启动和连接开销导致的延迟。 3. **头部压缩（HPACK）**：通过压缩HTTP头信息，减少了在网络上传输的数据量，提高了性能。 4. **服务器推送**：服务器可以预测客户端可能需要的资源并主动推送，减少了等待时间。 5. **优先级和依赖**：客户端可以设置资源的优先级，服务器根据这些信息优化资源的发送顺序，确保关键内容优先加载。书中详细比较了HTTP/1.1与HTTP/2在不同网络环境和浏览器上的性能差异，揭示了HTTP/2在减少延迟、提高页面加载速度方面的优势。此外，作者还讨论了如何平滑地将现有网站迁移到HTTP/2，包括评估迁移需求、配置服务器、处理兼容性问题等步骤。附录中，读者可以找到书中提到的所有资源列表，便于实践和动手操作，从而更好地掌握HTTP/2的相关知识和技术。学习HTTP/2对于Web开发者、系统管理员以及任何关心网站性能的人来说都是必要的，它能帮助他们构建更快、更高效的Web服务。通过本书，读者不仅可以理解HTTP/2的基本概念，还能了解到如何在实践中利用这些概念来提升用户体验。

1 https://tools.ietf.org/agenda/83/slides/slides-83-httpbis-5.pdf

2 https://tools.ietf.org/html/dra-natarajan-http-over-sctp-00

That said, there was still interest in more efficient expressions of HTTP’s semantics,

such as Roy Fielding’s WAKA proposal

(which unfortunately has never been comple‐

ted) and work on HTTP over SCTP

(primarily at the University of Delaware).

Sometime after giving a talk at Google that touched on some of these topics, I got a

note from Mike Belshe, asking if we could meet. Over dinner on Castro Street in

Mountain View, he sketched out that Google was about to announce an HTTP

replacement protocol called SPDY.

SPDY was different because Mike worked on the Chrome browser, and he was paired

with Roberto Peon, who worked on GFE, Google’s frontend web server. Controlling

both ends of the connection allowed them to iterate quickly, and testing the protocol

on Google’s massive traffic allowed them to verify the design at scale.

I spent a lot of that dinner with a broad smile on my face. They were solving real

problems, had running code and data from it. These are all things that the Internet

Engineering Task Force (IETF) loves.

However, it wasn’t until 2012 that things really began to take off for SPDY; Firefox

implemented the new protocol, followed by the Nginx server, followed by Akamai.

Netcraft reported a surge in the number of sites supporting SPDY.

It was becoming obvious that there was broad interest in a new version of HTTP.

In October 2012, the HTTP working group was re-chartered to publish HTTP/2,

using SPDY as a starting point. Over the next two years, representatives of various

companies and open source projects met all over the world to talk about this new

protocol, resolve issues, and assure that their implementations interoperated.

In that process, we had several disagreements and even controversies. However, I

remain impressed by the professionalism, willingness to engage, and good faith

demonstrated by everyone in the process; it was a remarkable group to work with.

For example, in a few cases it was agreed that moving forward was more important

than one person’s argument carrying the day, so we made decisions by flipping a coin.

While this might seem like madness to some, to me it demonstrates maturity and

perspective that’s rare.

In December 2014, just 16 days over our chartered deadline (which is early, at least in

standards work), we submitted HTTP/2 to the Internet Engineering Steering Group

for approval.

xiv | Foreword

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