Nonlinear Dyn (2015) 82:1343–1354
DOI 10.1007/s11071-015-2242-7
ORIGINAL PAPER
Adaptive synchronization of fractional-order
memristor-based neural networks with time delay
Haibo Bao · Ju H. Park · Jinde Cao
Received: 2 January 2015 / Accepted: 25 June 2015 / Published online: 9 July 2015
© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015
Abstract This paper is concerned with the adaptive
synchronization problem of fractional-order memristor-
based neural networks with time delay. By combining
the adaptive control, linear delay feedback control, and
a fractional-order inequality, sufficient conditions are
derived which ensure the drive–response systems to
achieve synchronization. Finally, two numerical exam-
ples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the
obtained results.
Keywords Synchronization · Fractional-order ·
Memristor-based neural networks · Adaptive control
H. Bao
School of Mathematics and Statistics, Southwest
University, Chongqing 400715, China
e-mail: hbbao07@gmail.com
H. Bao · J. H. Park (
B
)
Nonlinear Dynamics Group, Department of Electrical
Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro,
Kyongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
e-mail: jessie@ynu.ac.kr
J. Cao
Department of Mathematics, Southeast University,
Nanjing 210096, China
J. Cao
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King
Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
e-mail: jdcao@seu.edu.cn
1 Introduction
Since the pioneering work of Pecora and Carroll in
1990 [1], synchronization of neural networks and com-
plex networks has been extensively studied because of
its fruitful engineering applications in secure commu-
nication, biological systems, signal processing, com-
binatorial optimization, see [2–6] and the references
therein. A lot of approaches borrowing from the control
theory have been proposed for the synchronization of
neural networks and complex networks, such as adap-
tive control [7,8], linear and nonlinear feedback con-
trol [9,10], pinning control [11,12], intermittent control
[13,14], and impulsive control [15,16].
In the past few decades, fractional-order models
have gained considerable research attention for its
more advantage than classical integer-order models
in describing the memory and hereditary properties
of many materials and processes. The development
of fractional-order differential calculus and fractional-
order differential equations lays a solid theoretical
foundation in modeling and analyzing phenomena in
the fields of science and engineering [17,18].
Recently, the dynamics and synchronization of
fractional-order systems and networks have become
a hot topic [19–26]. This is mainly caused by the
fact that the well-studied integer-order systems are the
special cases of the fractional-order systems, and the
fractional-order models can describe the systems more
precise than the integer-order models do. Yu et al.
[23], by using open-loop control and adaptive control,
123