Spring框架2.5.1参考文档：IoC容器与AOP增强

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"Spring2.5英文文档1" Spring框架是Java开发中广泛使用的开源框架，其2.5版本在2007年发布，引入了许多重要改进和新特性。本文档详细介绍了Spring 2.5的主要功能和更新，旨在帮助开发者更好地理解和利用该框架。 1. 引言在引言部分，文档概述了Spring框架的基本概念和目标。它旨在通过提供Inversion of Control（IoC）容器和Aspect Oriented Programming（AOP）支持来简化企业级Java应用的开发。文档还提到了Spring适用于多种使用场景，包括传统的Java EE服务器端应用、轻量级应用服务器、以及独立的桌面应用等。 2. Spring 2.0和2.5的新特性这部分详细阐述了自Spring 2.0以来的显著改进，尤其是2.5版本的更新。 2.1 IoC容器 2.5版本在IoC容器方面有以下改进： - **新的bean作用域**：除了原有的单例和原型作用域，Spring 2.5添加了请求、会话和全局会话作用域，以更好地适应Web应用的需求。 - **更简单的XML配置**：通过引入更直观的语法，减少了XML配置的复杂性，使配置更加简洁。 - **可扩展的XML作者化**：允许开发者定义自己的元素和属性，扩展XML配置语言。 - **注解驱动的配置**：开发者可以直接在类和方法上使用注解进行配置，无需编写XML。 - **类路径中自动检测组件**：框架可以自动发现并注册符合特定条件的类，减少了手动配置的工作。 2.2 AOP（面向切面编程） Spring 2.5在AOP方面也做了大量改进： - **更简单的AOP XML配置**：使得在XML中配置切面变得更加容易。 - **对@AspectJ的支持**：允许使用Java注解创建切面，提供了更强的类型安全性和更直观的代码。 - **对BEA WebLogic服务器的支持**：增强了对其他非Spring默认代理实现的支持，比如BEA WebLogic服务器的代理模型。除此之外，文档还可能涵盖了事务管理、数据访问、MVC框架、国际化、邮件服务、测试等方面的内容，但提供的片段没有包含这些细节。Spring 2.5版本显著提升了易用性，增强了灵活性，并且增加了对现代编程模式如注解的支持，这使得Spring成为了更强大且易维护的开发工具。

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Chapter 1. Introduction

Background

In early 2004, Martin Fowler asked the readers of his site: when talking about Inversion of Control: “the

question is, what aspect of control are [they] inverting?”. Fowler then suggested renaming the principle

(or at least giving it a more self-explanatory name), and started to use the term Dependency Injection. His

article then continued to explain the ideas underpinning the Inversion of Control (IoC) and Dependency

Injection (DI) principle.

If you need a decent insight into IoC and DI, please do refer to said article :

http://martinfowler.com/articles/injection.html.

Java applications (a loose term which runs the gamut from constrained applets to full-fledged n-tier server-side

enterprise applications) typically are composed of a number of objects that collaborate with one another to form

the application proper. The objects in an application can thus be said to have dependencies between themselves.

The Java language and platform provides a wealth of functionality for architecting and building applications,

ranging all the way from the very basic building blocks of primitive types and classes (and the means to define

new classes), to rich full-featured application servers and web frameworks. One area that is decidedly

conspicuous by its absence is any means of taking the basic building blocks and composing them into a

coherent whole; this area has typically been left to the purvey of the architects and developers tasked with

building an application (or applications). Now to be fair, there are a number of design patterns devoted to the

business of composing the various classes and object instances that makeup an all-singing, all-dancing

application. Design patterns such as Factory, Abstract Factory, Builder, Decorator, and Service Locator (to

name but a few) have widespread recognition and acceptance within the software development industry

(presumably that is why these patterns have been formalized as patterns in the first place). This is all very well,

but these patterns are just that: best practices given a name, typically together with a description of what the

pattern does, where the pattern is typically best applied, the problems that the application of the pattern

addresses, and so forth. Notice that the last paragraph used the phrase “... a description of what the pattern

does...”; pattern books and wikis are typically listings of such formalized best practice that you can certainly

take away, mull over, and then implement yourself in your application.

The IoC component of the Spring Framework addresses the enterprise concern of taking the classes, objects,

and services that are to compose an application, by providing a formalized means of composing these various

disparate components into a fully working application ready for use. The Spring Framework takes best

practices that have been proven over the years in numerous applications and formalized as design patterns, and

actually codifies these patterns as first class objects that you as an architect and developer can take away and

integrate into your own application(s). This is a Very Good Thing Indeed as attested to by the numerous

organizations and institutions that have used the Spring Framework to engineer robust, maintainable

applications.

1.1. Overview

The Spring Framework contains a lot of features, which are well-organized in six modules shown in the

diagram below. This chapter discusses each of the modules in turn.

Spring Framework (2.5.1) 16

The Core package is the most fundamental part of the framework and provides the IoC and Dependency

Injection features. The basic concept here is the BeanFactory, which provides a sophisticated implementation

of the factory pattern which removes the need for programmatic singletons and allows you to decouple the

configuration and specification of dependencies from your actual program logic.

The Context package build on the solid base provided by the Core package: it provides a way to access objects

in a framework-style manner in a fashion somewhat reminiscent of a JNDI-registry. The context package

inherits its features from the beans package and adds support for internationalization (I18N) (using for example

resource bundles), event-propagation, resource-loading, and the transparent creation of contexts by, for

example, a servlet container.

The DAO package provides a JDBC-abstraction layer that removes the need to do tedious JDBC coding and

parsing of database-vendor specific error codes. Also, the JDBC package provides a way to do programmatic as

well as declarative transaction management, not only for classes implementing special interfaces, but for all

your POJOs (plain old Java objects).

The ORM package provides integration layers for popular object-relational mapping APIs, including JPA, JDO,

Hibernate, and iBatis. Using the ORM package you can use all those O/R-mappers in combination with all the

other features Spring offers, such as the simple declarative transaction management feature mentioned

previously.

Spring's AOP package provides an AOP Alliance-compliant aspect-oriented programming implementation

allowing you to define, for example, method-interceptors and pointcuts to cleanly decouple code implementing

functionality that should logically speaking be separated. Using source-level metadata functionality you can

also incorporate all kinds of behavioral information into your code, in a manner similar to that of .NET

attributes.

Spring's Web package provides basic web-oriented integration features, such as multipart file-upload

functionality, the initialization of the IoC container using servlet listeners and a web-oriented application

context. When using Spring together with WebWork or Struts, this is the package to integrate with.

Spring's MVC package provides a Model-View-Controller (MVC) implementation for web-applications.

Spring's MVC framework is not just any old implementation; it provides a clean separation between domain

model code and web forms, and allows you to use all the other features of the Spring Framework.

1.2. Usage scenarios

With the building blocks described above you can use Spring in all sorts of scenarios, from applets up to

fully-fledged enterprise applications using Spring's transaction management functionality and web framework

integration.

Introduction

Spring Framework (2.5.1) 18

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