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首页Power Pivot与Power BI实战指南
"《Power Pivot and Power BI: The Excel User's Guide to DAX, Power Query, Power BI & Power Pivot in Excel 2010-2016》是由Rob Collie和Avichal Singh共同编著的一本关于数据建模和分析的专业书籍,主要面向Excel用户,旨在教授读者如何使用Power Pivot和Power BI进行数据分析和业务洞察。书中融入了作者多年教学和实践经验,涵盖了DAX(Data Analysis Expressions)语言、Power Query以及在Excel 2010至2016版本中的Power Pivot应用。"
本书的核心知识点包括:
1. **Power Pivot**: Power Pivot是Excel的一个扩展功能,用于构建大规模的数据模型。它允许用户导入大量数据,创建复杂的计算和关系,从而实现高级的数据分析。在书中,作者详细介绍了如何使用Power Pivot管理数据源、建立数据关系、创建度量值和计算列。
2. **DAX**: DAX是一种专门用于Power Pivot和Power BI的数据表达式语言,用于定义计算字段和度量值。DAX提供了一系列函数和运算符,使用户可以创建自定义的计算,如总和、平均值、计数等,以及更复杂的数据过滤和聚合。
3. **Power Query**: 又称为Get & Transform,是Excel中用于数据清洗和转换的工具。它使得用户可以从各种数据源(如Excel表格、数据库、Web等)提取数据,并进行格式化、合并和转换操作,为数据建模做好准备。书中会介绍如何使用Power Query进行数据预处理和数据流管理。
4. **Power BI**: Microsoft的商业分析服务,它将数据可视化、报告和仪表板功能与云服务相结合。作者将指导读者如何使用Power BI Desktop创建交互式报表,连接到Power Pivot数据模型,并分享这些报告到Power BI服务,以实现跨组织的数据共享和协作。
5. **实践应用**: 书中不仅包含理论知识,还有大量实例和案例研究,帮助读者理解如何在实际工作场景中应用这些工具和技术。通过这些实例,读者能够学习到如何将Power Pivot、DAX和Power BI结合使用,解决复杂的业务问题。
6. **教学方法**: 作者Rob Collie和Avichal Singh在书中分享了他们多年的教学经验和实际工作中的最佳实践,使读者能够快速掌握Power Pivot和Power BI的精髓。
这本书适合已经熟悉Excel基础,但希望通过Power Pivot和Power BI提升数据分析能力的用户。无论是数据分析师、业务智能专业人员还是寻求提高数据处理技能的Excel爱好者,都能从中受益。通过阅读此书,读者将能够熟练运用这些工具,提高数据分析效率,为决策提供更有力的数据支持。
xv
Foreword and Forward
“State of the Union” November 2015 – What’s Changed?
As we wrapped up nal edits on this book, Avi and Bill said, “OK Rob, you know those rst two chapters? The ones that
set the stage and give perspecve to this whole thing? It’s me for you to revise those and bring them up to date.”
They had a point – it had been more than three years since I wrote those chapters. And a lot has changed since then in
our landscape, reshaped as it is by Microso’s vigorous seismic acvity.
But when I re-read those two chapters, I found very lile that I wanted to alter. I’m leaving those largely untouched,
which is a rare move for me.
Why did I choose to forgo such a wring opportunity, since I enjoy it so much?
Here’s why: those chapters talk about things that fundamentally do not change – the importance of people, the im-
portance of Excel, the massive opportunies aorded to “data people,” and Microso’s connued investment in all of
the above.
I suspect that ten years from now, if we’re revising this book for the Nth edion, those chapters will again largely remain
unchanged – except that we will be talking about a data revoluon that’s already run its course, rather than one that’s
in progress
Instead I’m going to use this Foreword to reect a bit on some things that truly have changed. Let’s start with the 800
pound gorilla, my former employer (and Avi’s)…
The Microso Corporaon.
What Has Changed at Microsoft? Virtually Everything.
Let’s see here, just a few things:
Ballmer out, Nadella in – the change at the top of Microso is not to be underesmated. Satya brings a very dierent
and more open perspecve to the game, and that absolutely makes a dierence to us. For example, today’s Microso
does not stubbornly ignore iOS and Android, whereas the old regime acted like “if we ignore them long enough, they
will go away.” (A few years back when MS announced their earliest plans for mobile-friendly BI, and it revolved solely
around the soon-to-be-released Windows 8 while ignoring other plaorms, I chortled for two months consecuve be-
fore eventually having to see a doctor to make it stop.) It’s worth reecng how far we have come since then. Microso
Power BI is available in the Apple App Store, for crying out loud, and it’s not at all weird to see it there? Times have
changed.
Power Query – when the rst edion of this book went to press, I don’t think we’d even heard of Power Query. Mic-
roso already had a world-changing data engine – the DAX/Power Pivot engine – and that was more than enough, in
my eyes, to kickstart a total revoluon in how the world operates. So to have them surprise us, out of the blue, with
a relavely user-friendly desktop engine for shaping and cleaning data… a “sibling” that does virtually everything that
Power Pivot could not do on its own… um, yeah. Power Query is a big deal, folks, and even though they are rering that
name, the “M Engine” is here to stay, and our professional lives are forever altered. Dramacally for the beer.
Unity – CEO isn’t the only place where MS has changed people. There have also been several changes in leadership
on the relevant engineering teams at Microso. Some new arrivals on the SQL side of the house and some old friends
“coming home” on the Excel side of the house have already made a monster impact over the past two years. Above
all, I’m struck by how unied Microso seems to be in the BI space these days. Not perfectly unied, but dramacally
more so than I have ever seen before. Everyone seems to be pulling in the same direcon – both within the SQL team’s
many facons (who, in my me there, were in open war with one another), and across the SQL/Oce boundary. The
laer is parcularly important, because the Excel team is now 100% “in” on Power Pivot. They understand its value and
strategic importance to their own product, whereas before, the Excel team regarded Power Pivot with suspicion – as
something that had been done to their product.
PowerBI.com and Power BI Desktop – consider this: at the beginning of 2015, neither of these things actually existed.
In eleven short months, I’ve been through the full cycle of opinions: the “this is vaporware” phase, the “oh no they’re
de-emphasizing Excel” phase, the “what the heck is this Desktop thing, they really don’t get it do they” phase…. And
now, the “wow this is all prey cool, Excel Services is in PowerBI.com, Desktop opens Power Pivot models, I guess they
actually DO have a good roadmap that includes Excel, and it’s all actually working” phase. Seriously, I’ve gone from
feeling ambushed to feeling like we’ve been given a tremendous gi. And oh yeah – a free cloud version for publishing
xvi
that anyone can use, and that’s easy to sign up for? With an open source visuals plaorm? This is Microso doing all
this? Are you KIDDING ME. And it all happened this year.
Pace – you can put this together from the previous bullet, but MS is now moving at a frightening pace. Frightening? Did
I say frightening? Well, it’s only frightening if you write books. There’s now an ever-present danger of us wring an en-
re chapter on how you deal with a parcular problem, and then three weeks later, them adding a feature that makes
that problem go away, rendering the enre chapter obsolete, and thereby making the authors look silly. Actually, this is
virtually guaranteed to happen. But outside of the authoring world, yeah, this is a very good thing. Not having to wait
two years for key omissions and/or bugs to be addressed has precious lile downside.
What’s Changed in My Corner of the World? Also Everything.
I always tell rst-me public speakers and bloggers to talk about their own personal experiences. You are, in fact, the
world’s #1 expert on what has happened in your own life.
That’s what I’m going to do here, because hey, I can’t be wrong! Yes, it is a “skewed” view in some ways, to take small-
scale observaons from one person and put them next to the changes happening at a goliath like Microso, but I do
have what they call a ringside seat for this parcular show. There’s relevance here, especially when it comes to hard
numbers and economics.
Let’s sck to that list format:
4x Community Growth - Judging by PowerPivotPro.com blog stats, our community – those who are aware of and using
Power Pivot and Power BI – is now approximately four mes the size as it was when the rst edion went to print.
That’s right, there are a lot more “new” people at this point than grizzled veterans. As it should be! This will connue
to hold true for quite some me. Welcome everyone
Team Growth – at me of wring there are now seventeen human beings with PowerPivotPro.com email addresses.
Guess how many humans had such addresses three years ago? Zero – not even I had one! Not all of the seventeen are
doing Power Pivot / Power BI work, but most of them are. And the handful who play auxiliary roles are in some ways
even more telling: we now have an organizaon which is large enough to require auxiliary roles. I nd that incredibly
sasfying, and not just on the personal front – our organizaon wouldn’t be growing unless the demand for our ser-
vices was growing. We’re not tradional BI consultants, and we’re not spreadsheet consultants. We’re a new breed
and the market is saying “yes, this is a good mutaon, your virus may connue to grow.” In fact I’m aware of several
brand-new rms that have joined us in this “new style,” and the world of data is so large that there’s zero sense of
compeon, only a shared sense of joy in changing the rules in a posive way.
Avi – among those seventeen is our esteemed co-author, Avi Singh, who has been working himself half to death on
this 2nd Edion. This is great news, because there was zero chance I’d have been able to do this alone. (I’ve never been
busier, as a professional, than I am today). So First Edion would probably have remained Only Edion without Avi on
board. If anything, Avi believes in this stu more than I do – anyone who says “I’m coming to work with you even if you
can’t pay me” is a bit crazy, but the right kind of crazy. We are lucky to have him, and yes, we do pay him
Microso Relaonship – our relaonship with the “mother ship” is in a much beer place today than three years ago.
It’s not like there was fricon before, and I do sll have a lot of friends there, but there was also a longstanding mutual
sense that there wasn’t much ROI in cooperang. For the most part, I ignored Microso and they returned the favor
by ignoring me. But my views and their views on the world have converged quite a bit over the past three years, and I
would aribute that to “everyone geng smarter” rather than one of us adopng the other’s longstanding stance. To-
day, our messaging helps Microso reach customers, and Microso likewise connects us with people who need help.
This may sound like a subtle point, but it could not feel any more dierent. Surprising as it sounds, this ex-Microso
employee (and High Priest of their data plaorm) feels like he’s back in the family for the rst me in six years. And
again, this reects on Microso’s posive direcon as well as the market.
Condence – this one is my favorite. Three years ago, I was “sure” that The New Way was going to replace The Old Way.
So “sure,” in fact, that I’d happily argue vigorously with anyone who disagreed or quesoned it. Today though I’m not
just “sure” – I am sure. For example, a few weeks back I watched a debate unfold in the comments thread of a Power
PivotPro.com blog post, in which one “combatant” was quesoning whether this stu was catching on or not. Three
years ago I would have waded into the fray, guns blazing. But this me I sat it out – my pulse didn’t rise, I didn’t take
the bait. I just moved on to the next task. Someone else was taking up the good ght anyway (thanks Greg). The point
here is that before, my certainty was predicve in nature, and that naturally carries some insecurity. Today’s certainty
comes from having seen it happen – we are no longer talking about what will be, we are talking about what undeniably
1
is. I’m a lot more at peace, a happier person, and very much at ease with the way things are unfolding. I hope you share
that same condence already, or that you soon will.
Happy – OK, I lied. This one is my favorite. If you ask us what’s the #1 service we provide these days, the most important
thing we do for people, my answer will not be related to money, or eciency, or me. Yes, we do help people quite a
bit when measured in those terms. But the thing that strikes us all as most important, is making people happy. It’s fair
to call Power Pivot a “hard skill,” and it’s one that delivers ROI on a grand scale (ex: one of our one-week projects ended
up saving the client $25 Million a year). But the “so” stu is what really energizes us. This stu makes people happier,
and you cannot put a price on that. We live charmed lives – working in data and solving valuable problems is the sort of
thing that we “expect” to be boring and dehumanizing, but when it actually works, it’s exactly the opposite.
Welcome to Happy Data Land.
-Rob Collie, November 2015
Introduction - Our Two Goals for this Book
Fundamentally of course, this book is intended to train you on Power Pivot and Power BI. It captures the techniques
we’ve learned from many years of teaching Power Pivot and its “cousin technologies” (in person and on PowerPivotPro.
com), as well as applying it extensively in our everyday work.
Unsurprisingly, then, the contents herein are very much instruconal – a “how to” book if ever there was one.
But we also want you to understand how to maximize the impact on your career. This isn’t just a beer way to do
PivotTables. It isn’t just a way to reduce manual eort. It’s not just a beer formula engine.
Even though Rob worked on the rst version of Power Pivot while at Microso, he had no idea how impacul it would
be unl about two years aer he le to form his own company. He had to experience it in the real world to see its full
potenal, and even then it took some me to overwhelm his skepcal nature (his Twier prole now describes him as
“skepc turned High Priest.”)
This is the rare technology that can (and will) fundamentally change the lives of millions of people – it has more in
common with the invenon of the PC than with the invenon of, say, the VCR.
The PC might be a parcularly relevant example actually. At a presgious Seale high school in the early 1970’s, Bill
Gates and Paul Allen discovered a mutual love for programming, but there was no widespread demand for program-
mers at that point. Only when the rst PC (the Altair) was introduced was there an opportunity to properly moneze
their skills. Short version: they founded Microso and became billionaires.
But zoom out and you’ll see much more. Thousands of people became millionaires at Microso alone (sadly, we both
missed that boat by a few years). Further, without the Altair, there would have been no IBM PC, no Apple, no Mac, no
Steve Jobs. No iPod, no iPhone, no Appstore. No Electronic Arts, no Myst. No World of Warcra. The number of people
who became wealthy as a result of the PC absolutely dwarfs the number of people who had anything to do with
invenng the PC itself!
We think Power Pivot and Power BI oer the same potenal wealth-generaon eect to Excel users as the PC oered
budding programmers like Gates and Allen: your innate skills remain the same but their value becomes many mes
greater. Before diving into the instruconal stu in Chapters 2 and beyond, Chapter 1 will summarize your excing new
role in the changing world.
And like many things in when you hang around with Rob, the story starts with a movie reference
2
Power Pivot and Power BI: The Excel User's Guide to the Data Revoluon
1 - A Revolution Built On YOU
Does This Sound Familiar?
(Updated Fall 2015, but we decided to leave this part in Rob’s rst-person “voice” – because the authencity is bet-
ter-preserved).
In the movie Fight Club, Edward Norton’s character refers to the people he meets on airplanes as “single serving
friends” – people he befriends for three hours and never sees again. I have a unique perspecve on this phenomenon,
thanks to a real-world example that is relevant to this book.
A woman takes her seat for a cross-country business ight and is pleased to see that her seatmate appears to be a
reasonably normal fellow. They strike up a friendly conversaon, and when he asks her what she does for a living, she
gives the usual reply: “I’m a markeng analyst.”
That answer sases 99% of her single-serving friends, at which the conversaon typically turns to something else.
However, this guy is the excepon, and asks the dreaded follow-up queson: “Oh, neat! What does that mean?”
She sighs, ever so slightly, because the honest answer to that queson always bores people to death. Worse than that
actually: it oen makes the single-serving friend recoil a bit, and express a senment bordering on pity.
But she’s a factual sort of person, so she gives a factual answer: “well, basically I work with Excel all day, making Piv-
otTables.” She fully expects this to be a setback in the conversaon, a point on which we share no common ground.
Does this woman’s story sound familiar? Do you occasionally nd yourself in the same posion?
Well imagine her surprise when this parcular single-serving friend actually becomes excited aer hearing her an-
swer! He lights up – it’s the highlight of his day to meet her.
Because, you see, on this ight, she sat down next to me. And I have some excing news for people like her, which
probably includes you
Excel Pros: The World Is Changing in Your Favor
If you are reading this, I can say condently that the world is in the early stages of an incredible discovery: it is about to
realize how immensely valuable YOU are. In large part, this book is aimed at helping you reap the full rewards available
to you during this revoluon.
That probably sounds prey appealing, but why am I so comfortable making bold pronouncements about someone I
have never met? Well, this is where the single-serving friend thing comes in: I have met many people like you over the
years, and to me, you are very much ‘my people.’
In fact, for many years while I worked at Microso, it was my job to meet people like you. I was an engineer on the
Excel team, and I led a lot of the eorts to design new funconality for relavely advanced users.
Meeng those people, and watching them work, was crucial, so I traveled to nd them. When I was looking for people
to meet, the only criteria I applied was this: you had to use Excel for ten or more hours per week.
I found people like that (like you!) all over the world, in places ranging from massive banks in Europe to the back rooms
of automobile dealerships in Portland, Oregon. There are also many of you working at Microso itself, working in var-
ious nance, accounng, and markeng roles, and I spent a lot of me with them as well (more on this later).
Over those years, I formed a ‘prole’ of these ‘ten hour’ spreadsheet people I met. Again, see if this sounds familiar.
Aributes of an Excel Pro:
• They grab data from one or more sources.
• They prep the data, oen using VLOOKUP.
• They then create pivots over the prepared data.
• Somemes they subsequently index into the resulng pivots, using formulas, to produce polished reports.
Other mes, the pivots themselves serve as the reports.
• They then share the reports with their colleagues, typically via email or by saving to a network drive.
• They spend at least half of their me re-creang the same reports, updated with the latest data, on a recurring
basis.
3
1 - A Revoluon Built On YOU
At rst, it seemed to be a coincidence that there was so much similarity in the people I was meeng. But over me
it became clear that this was no accident. It started to seem more like a law of physics – an inevitable state of aairs.
Much like the heat and pressure in the earth’s crust seize the occasional pocket of carbon and transform it into a dia-
mond, the demands of the modern world ‘recruit’ a certain kind of person and forge them into an Excel Pro.
Aside: Most Excel Pros do not think of themselves as Pros: I nd that most are quite modest about their
skills. However, take it from someone who has studied Excel usage in depth: if you t the bulleted criteria
above, you are an Excel Pro. Wear the badge proudly.
I can even put an esmate on how many of you are out there. At Microso we used to esmate that there were 300
million users of Excel worldwide. This number was disputed, and might be too low, especially today. It’s a good base-
line, nothing more. But that was all users of Excel – from the most casual to the most expert. Our instrumentaon data
further showed us that only 5-10% of all Excel users created PivotTables.
‘Create’ is an important word here – many more than consume pivots made by others, but only 5-10% are able to
create them from scratch. Creang pivots, then, turns out to be an overwhelmingly accurate indicator of whether
someone is an Excel Pro. We might as well call them Pivot Pros.
You may feel quite alone at your parcular workplace, because stascally speaking you are quite rare – less than 0.5%
of the world’s populaon has your skillset! But in absolute numbers you are far from alone in the world – in fact, you
are one of approximately thirty million people. If Excel Pros had conferences or convenons, it would be quite a sight.
I, too, t the denion of an Excel Pro. It is no accident that I found myself drawn to the Excel team aer a
few years at Microso, and it is no accident that I ulmately le to start an Excel / Power Pivot-focused
business (and blog). While I have been using the word ‘you’ to describe Excel Pros, I am just as comfortable
with the word ‘we.’
As I said up front, I am convinced that our importance is about to explode into the general consciousness. Aer all, we
are already crucial.
Our Importance Today
As proof of how vital we are, here’s another story from Microso, one that borders on legend. The actual event trans-
pired more than ten years ago and the details are hazy, but ulmately it’s about you; about us.
Someone from the SQL Server database team was meeng with Microso CEO Steve Ballmer. They were trying to get
his support for a ‘business intelligence’ (BI) iniave within Microso – to make the company itself a testbed for some
new BI products in development at that me. If Steve supported the project, the BI team would have a much easier
me gaining tracon within the accounng and nance divisions at Microso.
In those days, Microso had a bit of a ‘prove it to me’ culture. It was a common approach to ‘play dumb’ and say some-
thing like, “okay, tell me why this is valuable.” Which is precisely the sort of thing Steve said to the BI folks that day.
To which they gave an example, by asking a queson like this: “If we asked you how much sales of Microso Oce
grew in South America last year versus how much they grew the year before, but only during the holiday season, you
probably wouldn’t know.”
Steve wasn’t impressed. He said, “sure I would,” triggering an uncomfortable silence. The BI team knew he lacked the
tools to answer that queson – they’d done their homework. Yet here was one of the richest and most powerful men
in the world telling them they were wrong.
One of the senior BI folks eventually just asked straight out, “Okay, show us how you’d do that.”
Steve snapped to his feet in the center of his oce and started shoung. Three people hurried in, and he started wav-
ing his arms francally and bellowing orders, conveying the challenge at hand and the informaon he needed. This
all happened with an aura of familiarity – this was a common occurrence, a typical workow for Steve and his team.
Those three people then vanished to produce the requested results. In Excel, of course.
Excel at the Core
Let that sink in: the CEO of the richest company in the world (and one of the most technologically advanced!) relied
heavily on Excel Pros to be his eyes and ears for all things nancial. Yes, I am sure that now, many years later, Satya
Nadella has a broad array of sophiscated BI tools at his disposal. However, I am equally sure that his reliance on Excel
Pros has not diminished by any signicant amount.
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