![](https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/11114695/bg13.jpg)
Contents in Detail xvii
22.6 Timing and Order of Signal Delivery ........................................................................... 453
22.7 Implementation and Portability of
signal()..................................................................... 454
22.8 Realtime Signals........................................................................................................ 456
22.8.1 Sending Realtime Signals....................................................................... 458
22.8.2 Handling Realtime Signals ..................................................................... 460
22.9 Waiting for a Signal Using a Mask:
sigsuspend() .......................................................... 464
22.10 Synchronously Waiting for a Signal............................................................................. 468
22.11 Fetching Signals via a File Descriptor........................................................................... 471
22.12 Interprocess Communication with Signals ..................................................................... 474
22.13 Earlier Signal APIs (System V and BSD) ........................................................................ 475
22.14 Summary.................................................................................................................. 477
22.15 Exercises .................................................................................................................. 478
23 TIMERS AND SLEEPING 479
23.1 Interval Timers........................................................................................................... 479
23.2 Scheduling and Accuracy of Timers ............................................................................. 485
23.3 Setting Timeouts on Blocking Operations...................................................................... 486
23.4 Suspending Execution for a Fixed Interval (Sleeping) ..................................................... 487
23.4.1 Low-Resolution Sleeping:
sleep().............................................................. 487
23.4.2 High-Resolution Sleeping:
nanosleep()...................................................... 488
23.5 POSIX Clocks............................................................................................................ 491
23.5.1 Retrieving the Value of a Clock:
clock_gettime() ........................................ 491
23.5.2 Setting the Value of a Clock:
clock_settime() ............................................. 492
23.5.3 Obtaining the Clock ID of a Specific Process or Thread ............................. 493
23.5.4 Improved High-Resolution Sleeping:
clock_nanosleep() ............................... 493
23.6 POSIX Interval Timers................................................................................................. 495
23.6.1 Creating a Timer:
timer_create() ............................................................. 495
23.6.2 Arming and Disarming a Timer:
timer_settime() ........................................ 498
23.6.3 Retrieving the Current Value of a Timer:
timer_gettime()............................. 499
23.6.4 Deleting a Timer:
timer_delete() .............................................................. 499
23.6.5 Notification via a Signal........................................................................ 499
23.6.6 Timer Overruns..................................................................................... 503
23.6.7 Notification via a Thread....................................................................... 504
23.7 Timers That Notify via File Descriptors: the
timerfd API ................................................... 507
23.8 Summary.................................................................................................................. 511
23.9 Exercises .................................................................................................................. 512
24 PROCESS CREATION 513
24.1 Overview of fork(), exit(), wait(), and execve() .............................................................. 513
24.2 Creating a New Process:
fork()................................................................................... 515
24.2.1 File Sharing Between Parent and Child .................................................... 517
24.2.2 Memory Semantics of
fork() ................................................................... 520
24.3 The
vfork() System Call .............................................................................................. 522
24.4 Race Conditions After
fork() ....................................................................................... 525
24.5 Avoiding Race Conditions by Synchronizing with Signals............................................... 527
24.6 Summary.................................................................................................................. 529
24.7 Exercises .................................................................................................................. 530
25 PROCESS TERMINATION 531
25.1 Terminating a Process: _exit() and exit()....................................................................... 531
25.2 Details of Process Termination..................................................................................... 533
25.3 Exit Handlers ............................................................................................................ 533
25.4 Interactions Between
fork(), stdio Buffers, and _exit() ..................................................... 537